Collaboration And Professionalism And There Use In Educational Strategies

Collaboration, audience, engagement ; these are words used within educational schemes and enterprises but what do they all intend? Do they mean the same thing? Collaboration normally means to work with person to accomplish something. Consultation means a treatment between people or groups before they make a determination. Engagement means the procedure of taking portion in something. ( Encarta Dictionary: English ( UK ) ) With mention to their dictionary significances, coaction, audience and engagement are really much linked together, but what has that got to make with instruction? Harmonizing to Head ( 2003 ) , coaction is valuable on a personal degree, it enhances moral support and assurance ; on a professional degree it provides improved effectivity, self-reflection and instructor acquisition, through sharing good pattern. Teachers and schools are all on the job towards the same ends. Effective schools need effectual communicating and coaction amongst staff, other agents, parents and students. ( Head, 2003 ) Christie et Al, ( 2007 ) , suggest it is good documented by ( King, 2002 ; Loughran, 2003 ) , that take parting collaboratively with a scope of other practicians allows cognition to be produced which goes beyond the limitations which affect the professional position. ( Christie, D.et Al, 2007 ) Without effectual communicating and coaction, instructors in schools can be incognizant of the cognition that exists between themselves ; as a consequence, they can non portion and pull upon that cognition. The formation of new cognition and improved patterns for instructors can non be left to opportunity or to establishments of instructor instruction in universities. Knowledge creative activity and airing are embedded in synergistic acquisition, processes which are shaped by structural and institutional agreements. ( Hargreaves. D, 1999 ) Hargreaves argues there are turning attempts to construct an effectual professional ethos of coaction to develop common ends, to get by with ambiguity and complexness. ( Hargreaves. A, 2000 ) In malice of this, if collegial methods merely back up coaction with other instructors and non signifiers of collaborative partnership with other people and professionals, instructors may go stray, which could convey about damaging effects in footings of cut downing their professional cognition and curtailing their ability to objectively knock policy and pattern. ( Christie.et al, 2007 ) Cordingley et Al. ( 2005 ) , cited by Forde et Al. ( 2006 ) , suggest coaction between instructors is about seeking out new thoughts, which helps to alter pattern and secures a instructor ‘s committedness within the school. Barth ( 2001 ) says that the key in learning-rich-schools is about instructors larning together. Some schools are developing professional acquisition communities where leading is seen as whole school instead than led merely by the Headteacher. Schools where this construct is taking topographic point have improved the ability to convey about better public presentation, higher degrees of motive and sustainable development. ( Forde et al. 2006 ) In Scotland, the McCrone Agreement places a duty on instructors to work together with co-workers and other people and professionals to prosecute the overall aims of the service. Teachers besides have a professional committedness to develop their accomplishments and expertness through an in agreement programme of go oning professional development ( CPD ) through an extra contractual 35 hours of CPD per twelvemonth. ( SEED, 2001 ) CPD plays an of import function in determining professional individuality, along with collegiality and coaction ; nevertheless, some award-bearing classs such as the Chartered Teacher ( CT ) can do struggle and bitterness, with some co-workers unwilling to collaborate. ( Forde et al. 2006 ) The traditional position of professionalism Centres on the categorization, organisation and occupational function, nevertheless, the construct is more complex in that, there are peculiar important characteristics which are often referred to. These normally include specialist cognition, liberty and duty. Therefore, Professionalism implies that such features are apparent in an person ‘s work. ( Kennedy, 2007 ) Forde et Al, ( 2006 ) suggest that teacher individuality is non ever closely connected to the function of being a instructor ; a individual ‘s values, beliefs, attitudes, feelings and apprehensions besides play a major portion in organizing professional individuality, as does personal history, ethnicity and civilization, hence, personal individuality besides plays a portion. Collaboration and engagement can intend different things to different people at different times. Williams, et Al ( 2006 ) discusses coaction between kids as a agency of larning and as an indispensable facet of pedagogical quality in educational scenes. Harmonizing to the surveies of Damon and Phelps ( 1989 ) , peer coaction is necessary for several accomplishments such as kids ‘s apprehension of justness, growing of self-pride, willingness to portion and attention, and ability to manage symbolic thought, every bit good as the fosterage of communicating accomplishments and the development of creativeness and critical thought. They besides suggest that coaction motivates kids to larn new accomplishments. Williams, ( 2001 ) found that immature kids collaborated constructively when there was a common job to be solved. This can be related to theories of acquisition ( Piaget, 1959 ; Sa?ljo? , 2000 ; Vygotskij, 1978, 1986 ) which show that kids learn and develop through coaction and togetherness. ( Williams. P, et Al, 2006 )

Heard and unheard music of Casablanca Essay

While Casablanca is one of the most know, satirized and often many lines repeated, the unsung hero of the movie is its music. Everyone knows â€Å"As time goes by†, but after seeing the movie can you think of any other music from this classic. People who have seen Casablanca dozens of times ( my father ) in their life can only remember â€Å"As time goes by†. This song brings back the happy memories of Ilsa and Rick in Paris. When Rick tells Sam not to play that song, is it possible that Rick never wants to remember the good times with a woman he will never see again or his alcoholic self destructive nature depriving himself of any happiness. Ilsa on the other hand wants to remember the good times and that is why she asks Sam to Play it. In the scene following Rick’s refusal to sell Laszlo the letters of transit, the German officers start singing a German song Die Wacht Am Rhein. Victor Laszlo never one to let the Germans get the upper hand asks the band to play La Marsellaise. Many in the crowd sing along to La Marsellaise as well as Laszlo. The German officers try in vain to out sing the crowd, but with their small numbers and their Nazi cause, the French Anthem wins the day. Shortly after this, Major Strasser orders Captain Renault to close down Rick’s. Two competing songs bring the closure of our heroes night club, a pivotal point in the movie, and few if any can remember the names of the 2 songs nor even hum a few bars. This scene also places Victor Laszlo on top of Major Strasser’s list of things he needs to clean up in Casablanca. So why is it that 2 epic anthem’s, such a critical part of this film goes unheard and a song like â€Å"As time goes by† is sung, hummed and quoted so often. It is my belief that â€Å"As time goes by â€Å" brings back the memories of the good times and Die Wacht Am Rhein and La Marsellaise bring up the confrontation that many go to the movies to forget. The next time I see Casablanca, I will be humming â€Å"As time goes by.

Borders And Boundaries Women In Indias Partition History Essay

Borders And Boundaries Women In Indias Partition History Essay There has been immense regional conflict in the regions of India and Pakistan which has affected the population over time in a great way. One of the many events includes the Women’s partition in August of 1947. The concurrent independence of a secular India and creation of the Islamic state of Pakistan created an outbreak of violence along the border areas as Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims fled towards either Pakistan or India. In the process, more than eight million people abandoned their homes and nearly one million died.  Women  were widowed, abducted and murdered. The Novel Borders and boundaries: Women in India’s partition written by Menon,R. and Bhasin, K does an excellent job in describing the events that occurred by showing the perspective of two groups of women. In order to better understand the struggle faced by the women in India during the partition it is first best to understand the historical context of the region and the cause of the partition. The partit ion of India is considered to be on of the greatest tragedies in history. The partition resulted in the division of both the Hindus and the Muslims who had resided together for hundreds of years. This led to immense territorial conflict such as boundary disputes, three wars between both India and Pakistan, a nuclear arms race, and cross border terrorism. Ever since the partition of the Indian subcontinent by the British in 1947, India and Pakistan have been bitter rivals and the Kashmir conflict remains unresolved. During five decades, they have fought four wars. Three of those wars were over the disputed region of Kashmir (including the region of Jammu), which is divided by the â€Å"Line of Control†. â€Å"In 1947-1948, almost immediately after Independence, they fought a long and intense battle over the formerly independent state if Jammu and Kashmir; in 1965 they fought another war over the same piece of land; in 1971 the two engaged during the civil war that severed Eas t Pakistan into the budding state of Bangladesh; and in 1999 they fought once more in the mountains of Kashmir (Trehan209). In addition to these actual wars, twice during the past fifty years the two countries have endured crises that brought them close to war† (Ganguly 2). The effect of the partition was deep rooted and raised many questions and issues. One of the most significant issues was the issue of refugees which resulted in the most painful way for both Pakistan and India. The city of Delhi received the most number of refugees and overall 35000 refugees landed up in the northern parts of India including areas such as Panipat and Kuruhkshetra which were used in camps. Workers who were involved in the recovery programmes. Thousands of women, both Hindu and Muslim, were abducted by men of the other community during the communal riots is common knowledge. That the states of India and Pakistan intervened to recovery total of over 30,000 abducted women from each otherâ€℠¢s territories until 1957 by virtue of the Inter-Dominion Agreement of 1947, and later the Abducted Persons Recovery and Restoration Act 1949, is less well-known. Why these states did so, and what this experience meant for the recovered women, has not been subject to historical analysis until recently. This collective amnesia is no coincidence. It has its roots in the Thus the partition of India, is looked upon as one the most devastating events in both India and Pakistan. The partition affected both the physical location and the psychology of the people. The partition affected the population as a whole in an immense way but it particularly affected women of the specific region. The novel Borders and Boundaries: Women in India’s partition sets up a great framework to describe the brutality and struggle endured by women of this time.

American Sign Language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Sign Language - Assignment Example To denote the difference, different spellings are used. For instance, the term deaf (lower case) is used generally to the condition of not being able to recognize sound while Deaf (upper case) is used to identify a particular group of people who share a common language and culture. Like most communities, values, patterns of beliefs, social customs and knowledge that represent characteristics of a community define culture. In addition, there have been efforts to unite and to bring deaf people together. In 1834, the first formal meeting was held and was known as Parisian banquet. Moreover, the first international gathering was held in 1889 in Paris. These activities led to the formation of associations and clubs. Some of the clubs formed, include the National Association for the Deaf in the United States as well as the World Federal for the Deaf. However, research shows that the numbers have been declining, possibly due to class-related issues. Padden further says that families should be aware of the local culture of Deaf people and most importantly, help their children to participate in events for the deaf (Padden, & Humphries, 1999). The development of linguistic and cognitive of deaf children raises concerns of bilingual language acquisition. Padden discusses the bilingual paradigm where deaf children are considered part of a linguistic minority as they acquire language. In addition, for multilingualism children, they must learn how to use each language and how to switch between the languages effectively. Furthermore, for those who use sign language as a first language and who believe they belong to a linguistic minority, to them sign language signifies group membership. The use sign language is a form of expressing values and beliefs that are carried across generations. Therefore, sign language represents a heritage that is common and a

The Role of Political Philosophy by Rawls and Mill Research Paper - 4

The Role of Political Philosophy by Rawls and Mill - Research Paper Example It is apparent that Mill believes that social and economic equalities and can be deemed justified if they can help the underprivileged in the society thus leaving the open the question of what and how inequalities can be justified (Reynolds 7-12). In fact, there were no political actualities that could realize the sameness of the arguments provided by both Mill and Rawls and the notion of a guaranteed social minimum serves as part of real-life democratic politics. Mill believes that society but the Difference Principle that was portrayed by the common moral sense should guarantee social minimum but the society rejected it. On the other hand, the idea of the social minimum is an indication of a publicly accepted principle of democratic politics and Rawls thinks that there are interventions including the fact that disallows are widely treated with suspicion. However, Mill’s principles of justice as explained by Rawls may be justified on utilitarian grounds and they have consider able acceptability in the current democracies. Public acceptance is vital for Rawls due to the weight it puts on overlapping consensus and he considers his principles of justice can be validated from various reasonable ethical positions that entail utilitarianism (Reynolds 13-18). Rawls is convinced that utilitarianism is an important and reasonable ethical position that even though he does not support he feels that utilitarianism may be an overlapping accord on Mill’s arguments although it does not show that Mill’s perception could be part of an overlapping consensus (Reynolds 16-22).

How successful was industrialization in Australia over the period 1950 Essay

How successful was industrialization in Australia over the period 1950 to 1973 - Essay Example (R8:3). The development of manufacturing is complicated. It involves a great variety of products, fragmentation of the industry, different markets between six states as well as a wide range of operations (R8:3). Industrialization of Australia first began with its heavy, complex and diversified manufacturing during the First World War. Since the Second World War it has become one of the most highly industrialized economies in the world (R6:182). Australia played a major role in promoting post-war industrialization; however, its welfare state interventions created a great barrier in its later manufacture development. The major growth phase of post war manufacturing development was between mid 1940s and late 1960s. In 1944, it announced that it â€Å"is ready for an adventurous expansion of secondary industries in the post-war period† (R5:15). This essay will examine Australian manufacturing development over the period 1950 to 1973 and the impact of industrialization during this period. Section one will examine the importance of industrialization to the Australian economy. Then, we examine success and impact of industrialization to the economy. This included the impact on employment, capital investment, public infrastructure, country import and export as well as the protection policies implemented by the state during this period. After examining the advantages brought by industrialization, the essay criticizes on the effectiveness of welfare state interventions to the Australian economy. During World War Two, Australian foreign debt was due to the sales of goods and services to the United States. This can be accounted for the high demand in food stuffs by other industrialized countries. A high price was paid for Australian primary products (R4). Its dependence on foreign capital rose. At that time, foreign investment, foreign technologies, foreign management, foreign

Financing a Business Magazine Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financing a Business Magazine Article - Essay Example Even though, in common instances, credit has been rendered to the small businesses of developing countries such as India, Brazil, China, and South African states among others, the small businesses sectors in developed nations including the US and the UK can also be noted as major constituents of economic growth (Mahembe, 2011). Source: (Mahembe, 2011) Enthusiastically, based on these statistical findings and economic affirmations, small businesses have been connoted as the â€Å"powerhouse† and even as â€Å"most powerful engines of growth and jobs† within an economy (Banks, 2012). It is certainly for this particular reason that authoritative bodies, in the global economy today, intends to render greater emphasis and strategic support to these sectors, helping them to grow, sustain and compete. However, in the realistic scenario, these ‘powerhouses’ often have to face various hazards which are mostly concerned with the availability of adequate resources req uired to sustain the business in the long-run. Finance is an important requirement for the formation of any business allowing it to explore and take advantages of opportunities with the purpose of expansion and support to the daily operations. Literally stating, finance is a lubricant for any business to sustain their functions successfully in highly dynamic modern business circumstances (INFLIBNET Centre, 2010). As a matter of fact, without adequate availability of finances, business cannot grow which eventually results in its failure. In the current business scenario, operating environment for small business has become quite challenging fundamentally owing to the increasing complexities influenced by the rapidly altering external environmental elements. In recent times, the government bodies and the financial institutions have realized the importance of small businesses in the development of national economy and thereby have been focusing on rendering support to the sector with a greater motive to augment economic prosperity in the global platform. Contextually, several sources have become available to small businesses today, through which they can meet their financial requirements effectively, e.g. bank lending, mortgages, credit facilities and others (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2009). However, procurement of finance from various sources itself requires some expenses (Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts, 2011). Additionally, owing to the variances, raising finance for small scale businesses has become more sophisticated than it was earlier. Difficulties in Raising Finance for Small Scale Businesses There are various issues that contribute towards the challenges faced by the small businesses. In relation to this, one of the vital and common issues faced by the small businesses today has been their limited access to adequate finance (Soni, 2005). One of the potential explanations for apparent difficulties experienced by smal l businesses can be related with nominal credit risk management practiced by finance providers. It is completely rational for bank managers to take into account the various risk factors associated with pricing of loans. From the point of view of various banks, loans that have larger default risks or certain loans where borrowers are deemed to fail to meet interest payments have relatively lower chances to be approved. Even though, these requests are approved, lenders often attempt to mitigate such additional risks by issuing loans with shorter maturity period or by minimising the

Analyze one week of world economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analyze one week of world economy - Essay Example For Instance, Shares in the US fell to about 1.6% with those in China dropping to 2.1% (FXSreet n.p). Essentially, the US economy in the last week had a negative economic index after weeks of positive show in the market. The -4 index manifest in the world largest economy is still the best in many years after the 2008 recession. The US economy has in the past week suffered significantly with numbers dropping in key sectors of the economy effectively slowing growth. The snow and bad weather has been sighted as one of the negative consequences weighing down on the US economy in recent weeks. The labor market registered lower work rates with a significant number of people filing for unemployment benefits. Despite the numerous challenges experienced in the last week, the stock market was bully on 5th registering positive indices. Though the Japanese economy gained the most among the world largest economies, the EU remained extensively versatile and bullish. The rate of inflation registered a negative value in the last week with unemployment falling significantly. The monetary regime in the EU has remained relatively stable to the dollar effectively making the banks to lower the interest rates. Japan was bullish in the market based on a number of fundamental facts (FXSreet n.p). To begin with, The Japanese economy registered a fall in the rate of inflation, though not to the expected levels. The low oil markets impacted positively to the market with most of the prices falling. While the Chinese president announced of the intentions to grow the economy by 7%, various departments of the economy recorded negative numbers with the overall impact being 2.1% (Economic Calendar n.p). The rate of inflation was high with unemployment rates remaining on a downward trend. It is imperative to note that the Chinese market has suffered a number of setbacks and going by the

NAFTA - Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NAFTA - Managerial Economics - Essay Example In addition to labor concerns, opposition to NAFTA was strong among environmental groups, who contended that the treatys anti-pollution provisions were inadequate. To ease concerns that Mexicos low wage structure would cause U.S. companies to shift production to that country, and to ensure that Mexicos increasing industrialization under the Treaty would not create environmental pollution to a harmful degree, special side agreements were included in NAFTA. Under those agreements, the tri-national grouping agreed to establish appropriate commissions to handle labor and environmental issues. The commissions had the power to impose steep fines against any of the member governments that failed to consistently impose its laws. There have been criticisms regarding NAFTAs implementation of environmental protection provisions. Mexico, together with Canada, has been repeatedly cited for environmental malfeasance. Also, many observers have charged that the three governments have been lax in ensuring environmental safeguards since the agreement went into effect (Wikipedia). The NAFTA members are autonomous states that have yielded some of their sovereignty to establish and effectuate a treaty that would economically benefit some 365 million people in the region, but they have retained their power to determine their principal economic and social policies. In other words, the free trade arrangement does not include a supranational government that would enforce policies from the center. Consequently, each state is free to determine its policies, subject only to agreements it has committed itself to implement. An important consideration in this analysis is the fact that Mexico, unlike the United States (and Australia), is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The Kyoto protocol is concerned with the reduction of global pollution but requires less

Time value of money Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Time value of money - Research Paper Example gger amount in the days to come.  The renowned fact that money possesses a time value implies that time value of that money must be put into account when making decisions to do with finance.   This is done by restating values of money through time with what is called Calculations of Time Value of Money.   These calculations are applied so as to shift monetary unit values of through the given time period.   The calculations can be used to state future monetary flows in present value terms and also to restate today’s value amounts into future monetary values. These calculations are by far the most powerful tool that is available for making business and financial decisions. These values may be used to restate cash flows in such a way as to make them comparable in the process of making financial decisions. The present value of money puts into account that fact that cash always loses value over time due to inflation as well as opportunity cost. The reason the topic of prese nt value of money is very important in finance is because its calculation forms a basis for all decisions that managers make. Calculation of present values is very important in making many financial decisions that face all individuals and managers in various types of firms.   This procedure allows many financial computations in relation to the interest earning, returns upon investments gains, capital budgeting processes of decision, predicaments relating loan, insurance programming predicaments,  and many other business asset buying or decisions in relation investment.   These computations also grant the basis for part of the most commonly used valuation models as well as concepts applied in today’s finance.   Failure to discount makes ventures that yield returns in the future appear to be more valuable than they really are.(Rosen, H.S 2005 pp. 241)Through calculating the net present value, firms are able to make accurate estimates on the returns to expect from variou s investments they choose to undertake. This is through calculating returns on investments. Firms are also in a better position to make reasonable and accurate budgets since they are under no illusion about their actual present or future monetary value. The net present value is also very important in dealing with loans related issues that may arise. The finance manager of a company will be in a position to know the amount of loan that the firm can afford to repay comfortably. This is very important because the company will avoid having too large loans which may be difficult to repay and thus it will remain financially stable. Finally, calculation of net present value is very useful in solving insurance programming problems of a company. Question 2 Future Value(FV) = Present Value(PV) ?( 1 + Interest Rate(R) )T , where T is the number of periods or years a) Present value = $ 15,000, Interest Rate = 7%, Time = 5years Therefore,Future Value = 15,000 ? (1 + 0.07)5 = $21,038.28 b) Presen t value = $ 19,500,Interest Rate = 4%,time = 3years Future Value = 19,500?(1+0.04)3 = $ 21,934.8 c) Present value = $

Philippines Literature Essay Example for Free

Philippines Literature Essay The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the countrys history. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. LITERATURE: the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the several things that concern this subject. we have been exposed to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, thats what we do. but is this really the essence of literature?  the time i realized that i was going to take up Philippine Literature this semester, i was rather a bit curios about what would be in store for me, for the whole class.  our Literature instructor Ms. Dinah Laguna-Mission is very enthusiastic in teaching us. never came a time that i felt sleepy or bored during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of words were the things i looked forward to every time she came.  at first, i expect that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repetition of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of speech were the ones being taught to us. After all the experiences and new knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not only about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an accomplishment for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Literature, the things i  learned, the memories and experience will truly mo no matter what. ^_^

Creation Myths Essay Example for Free

Creation Myths Essay Creation myths are present in all cultures of the world, and while these stories reflect very different beliefs of creation, they also possess many similarities as well. Each culture from around the world has developed beliefs and cosmogony that help them to understand the most ancient and primordial of questions: where did we come from? Ancient civilizations bore stories of primitive worlds, gods, and creators who sprung forth to create the world we live in and who created the first man and woman. Experts have come to find that there are common themes of creation myths which all myths can be classified into; accretion and conjunction stories, secretion stories, sacrifice stories, division or consummation stories, earth-diver stories, emergence stories, two-creator myths, deus faber (the maker god), and ex nihilo (out of nothing). Some cultures usually bear more than one type of theme for creation. Two creation myths that bare similarities and differences are the Norse and Egyptian. The theme of Norse creation is based on accretion and conjunction, secretion, and two-creator myths, while Egyptian creation myths follow the themes of secretion, deus faber, and ex nihilo (Leonard McClure, 2004). Norse creation myths spring forth from the Swedish and Scandinavian cultures. The Norse myth begins in a world called Ginnunngagap, which was the earth before the heavens were created and before any living thing existed. In the Southern end of Ginnungagap was a land called Muspelheim, a fiery realm of fire and poison, and to the North was a land of ice and cold called Niflheim. The gods that came after, created Midgard which was the middle land born from the great Yggdrasil tree; a pleasant and habitable place for humans. The gods resided in a different realm in the center of the earth called Asgard; from Asgard, the gods watched over all of mankind. The elements that exist in these worlds are plants, soil, water, wind, mist, ice, and fire (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). The world before time in Egyptian creation was called Nu. Nu was the dark swirling waters of nothingness and chaos. Atum the creator, a sexless being, sprung forth ex nihilo from the waters of Nu, and through secretion, bore a son and daughter who created earth and sky. Elements of this world are water, rain, earth, plants, and wind (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). The creators in Norse mythology began with the first three beings; Ymir a male frost giant, Buri a male god, and Buri’s wife, the first goddess. Audhumla was the first animal who licked free from the ice Buri and his wife. Audhumla was also the one who gave Ymir sustenance through its milk. Buri and his wife the goddess, bore three sons; Odin, Vili, and Ve. These three sons killed and dismembered the giant Ymir, whose corpse then created the world. Ymir’s flesh became the land, his blood became the sea, skull became the dome of sky above, his bones became mountains, and his hair became the grass and trees. Odin then stole sparks of fire from the land of Muspelheim, to create the sun, moon, and stars. Destroyers of this world came later in Norse mythology with the introduction of other beings and giants that bring forth Ragnarok, the time of destruction of Midgard. Surt is the guard and giant of Muspelheim who destroys the heavens with his fiery sword. Hati and Skoll are wolves the chase the sun and moon, are the destroyers of these celestial beings. The frost giant Loki, along with Fenrir, and the World Serpent are also released by Surt to aide in the destruction of the world (Rosenberg, 2006). In Egyptian myths, the main creator was called Atum. He was neither male nor female, possessed an all seeing eye. He joined with his shadow and bore a son from his spit called Shu, and from his vomit, a daughter called Tefnut. Shu was made the god of air, and Tefnut the goddess of moisture, they were responsible for sorting out the chaos of the universe into a perfect balance called maat. These two produced children, one male and one female, Geb and Nut, who were then separated to create the earth and sky. Other gods were also created who each had an individual responsibility in creating maat, these gods were Isis queen of the gods, Hathor the goddess of love and beauty, Osiris the god of wisdom and justice, Seth the god of evil, Thoth the god of wisdom, and Nepthys the protector of the dead (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). Cosmic occurrences in Norse creation played a great role in the creation of the first beings and the first world. The mingling of fire and ice caused the melting of a mountain which produced the first being Ymir, the frost giant. Celestial bodies such as the sun and stars were created of fire sparks from the Land of Muspelheim. The role of cosmic occurrences in Egyptian creation was expressed by celestial beings becoming the creators of natural phenomena. Nut the sky goddess gave birth to the sun every day, and also produced rain that fell upon the earth to grow plants. The cycle of rainfall, sunrise, and sunset were all thought to be produced by the gods. The similarities shared amongst the Norse and Egyptian myths were evident in the several aspects and themes. For one, both Creators Ymir and Atum, were deus faber meaning that they alone were the first creators, they also both arrived into their respective worlds ex nihilo, out of nothingness. Secondly, Ymir and Atum created other beings through secretion; Ymir created beings through his sweat, and Atum created man with his tears. In both myths, many lesser gods were created to govern over natural phenomenon, and played roles in the cycles of death and rebirth. The difference between the two cultural myths is the fact that Norse creation was born out of violence and violent acts. Gods were constantly in battle; the theme of good and evil play a large part in Norse myths. Egyptian myth presented the need to bring peace and order to the chaotic world of Nu. The gods and goddesses main role was to find balance and Maat. In conclusion, world creation myths have similarities as well as differences. The commonality between them all is that they serve to fulfill the same need which is the need to understand the world around us and understand our origins. Earlier cultures have pondered over the beginning and creation as we still do in this day and age.

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity Obesity has been a growing worldwide problem for the past three decades, especially in European countries and the United States of America. Between 1980 and 2004, the prevalence of obesity in Europe and the USA doubled, from 15% to 32%. At the moment in Britain, most adults are overweight and one-third of all Americans are obese (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). All over the world, one billion adults are overweight, 300 million are obese and 17.6 million children under five are considered to be too heavy for their age and height (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). A person is classified as obese when his or her BMI is 30 or more. The Body Mass Index, a measure of body composition, is calculated by taking a ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared. The higher the outcome, the more overweight a person is. In contrast, a healthy person is classified with a BMI within the range of 20-25 and someone with a BMI of 25-30 is classified as overweight (Leicester Windmeijer, 2007). Why is obesity such a problem? In the first place, it is because obesity is a key determinant for many chronic conditions and it is considered to shorten life expectancy to a remarkable degree. Our changing dietary habits are leading to chronic diseases, which makes obesity a social problem. Chronic conditions which are influenced by obesity are high blood pressure (hypertension), type-2 diabetes, heart and lung diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and several types of cancer (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). It is expected that the number of afflicted diabetic people will double the upcoming years. By 2025, in developed countries, 370 million people will be diabetic and 75% of all global death rates will result from heart diseases (Lavrance, 2009). Secondly, overweight causes not only somatic, but mental problems as well. According to Gregory et al., (2006) it has been linked to other mental health problems such as depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Data from this study also suggests an association between obesity and low self-esteem, feelings of shame and guilt and feelings of inadequacy. Therefore, obese people are at increased risk for social isolation. It is reasonable to believe that obese people are targets of teasing and verbal abuse and that these people suffer from discrimination, for instance in workplaces (Gregory et al., 2006). Furthermore, obesity is an economic problem. Among developed countries, obesity accounts for 2-6% of the total health care costs (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). In the United States of America, the costs of obesity nowadays amount to at least 117 billion dollars each year. These costs are borne by governments, health care organizations and insurance companies. These data represent only direct medical costs, such as health care services related to obesity, including surgery, medication and treatment of complications (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In addition, as a result of loss of productivity and income losses due to morbidity and mortality, true costs are believed to be much higher. There are also indirect related costs, including chronic diseases associated with obesity and costs due to exercise programs and dietary modifications. These indirect and related costs are borne by employers and the obese individuals themselves (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In conclusion, in all European countries, overweight and obesity are major health problems. They are risk factors for social, personal and economic problems as well. It is believed that this growing trend of obesity is likely to continue. An instrument that is believed to stop this growing trend and reduce overweight and obesity and the consequences named above, is a fax tax. A fat tax is based on the assumption that when the price of goods goes up, consumption of that good lowers. The idea of a fat tax has been supported by several public health organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization) and governments in various countries (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). According to Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009), bringing in a fat tax can be done in two ways: 1) by taxing foods according to the percentage of fat they contain and 2) by taxing foods that are fattening and unhealthy, mainly junk or fast food (e.g., French fries, snacks, pizzas and soft drinks (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). However, only a few papers have addressed the influence of a fat tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight. The question arises if a tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight, called a fat tax, could stop this trend? Or does it only affect specific groups in society? This essay analyses the effects of using a fat tax in Europe and the USA as an economic instrument to reduce overweight and obesity. It is hypothesized that a fat tax would not reduce obesity or stop the growing trend. A tax for fat people: The study of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009) shows that current medical costs as a result from obesity rival the costs that are attributable to smoking. Is it time to bring in fat taxes on food and drinks, to improve the health of the population? Lavrance (2009) suggests that a fat tax is more effective than public health campaigns which are used nowadays. In his opinion, cigarette consumption has reduced over the past ten years as a direct consequence of raised tobacco taxes. Another argument Lavrance (2009) comes up with, is that a fat tax would probably help to redevelop the budgets in health care in the same way the tobacco taxes have been doing. But does the tobacco tax really work that well? Each year, five million people are still dying as a result from smoking tobacco, particularly people who are used to live in low and middle income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). Furthermore, while drinking alcohol is becoming more and more expensive, the consuming alcohol rate is roughly the same or higher than a few years ago in European countries. These counter-arguments are show that such social problems are too complex to simply state that a tax is the most effective and efficient way to improve health in society. Another point of view is that the implementation of a fat tax, in contrast to taxes on tobacco and alcohol, is not as easy as it seems to be. Fats can be classified as saturated and unsaturated. Not all fats are the same. We can conclude that different types of fat have different effects on peoples health. To exemplify, butter contains unsaturated fats that increases the level of good cholesterol. In contrast, some dairy products such as cheese, may contain high levels of saturated fats, which increases the levels of bad cholesterol (Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff, 2007). This makes it hard to decide which products must be taken into account for a fat tax. In other words, who would decide what is fat and what is unhealthy. Obesity as a society problem: Another argument for bringing in the tax, is the fact that an unhealthy lifestyle of one citizen, including fat eating and minimal exercise, imposes economic burdens on the rest of society, for example tax-payers or employers (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). Leicester Windmeijer (2007) believe that a fat tax can be used to influence individuals choices in a way to bring the outcome closer to the socially desirable standard. A specific tax on foods that contain too much fat aims to discourage unhealthy diets for people who could not, or would not, make that choice by their own. Some people in society already accepted that people who are too overweight to fit in one seat of an airplane, should have to pay more for the same flight, so it stands to reason that these people must pay for consequences in society too. Mann (2008), however, is wondering if there is any possibility that the social costs of obesity are not as high as one might think. In addition, a closer look at the health care costs show that there are also positive social effects of obesity. Overweight and obese people die earlier than people of normal weight and therefore are shorter dependent on health services. If a fat tax changes the unhealthy lifestyle of obese people into a healthy lifestyle, it will probably have an impact on society. Presumably, these people would live longer, which makes them in their elderly days more dependent on health services. More important, what about people that are underweight, such as anorexics, and therefore need medical help? In contrast, there are obese people who never use medical care in their life. Besides that, what about all other groups in society who impose economic burdens on the rest of society? After asking ourselves these questions, we see that there are also some discriminatory issues in the case of implementing a fat tax. On the other hand, if we tax something that is unhealthy, preventing more people from buying it, it could lead to more than one positive effect. A side effect would possibly be that food producers will make their products significant healthier, which is an advantage for the whole society. Nevertheless, if these food producers are punished because their popular fat products are labeled as unhealthy or fat, this can also lead to loss of jobs and unemployment at these corporations as a result of less income. Above all, a tax on fat foods or products will also affect people who already have a healthy lifestyle. Everybody will be taxed in the same way, so the whole society including the poor, elderly or people that need to eat extra calories sometimes are paying more for these products, not only obese or overweight people. More than a rational choice: The idea of a fat tax enjoys growing support by the World Health Organization, governments, in public health services and in insurance companies. A study of Schroeter, Lusk Tyner (2007) utilizes a microeconomic model to investigate the impact of price changes on body weight. This study shows us that when a consumer has to make a choice between two complementary products, a high- and a low- calorie food, a tax on high-calorie food leads to weight decrease. Several other models are suggesting that a small tax lowers intake of fat in such a way that is profitable for the modern society. In contrast, experimental research data from Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff (2007) suggests that a 50 percent tax lowers a fat intake by 3 percent. They used a supermarket scanner data to estimate the effects of taxing the fat content in food products on different demographic groups. Their conclusion is, that elderly and poor suffer the most from welfare losses. For example, a family earning 20.000 dollar a year or a household containing only seniors, suffers nearly twice the welfare loss of a family earning 100.000 dollar a year or consumers who are younger than thirty. Also, the paper of Schmidhuber (2004), which analyzed currently discussed policy options to reduce body weight, shows us that almost all price interventions are likely to be efficient, but only for poor and elderly consumers. Obese and overweight people are the least responsive to increasing food prices and therefore will not alter their consumption pattern. The paper of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2008) addresses the fat tax within a food-intake rational-choice model. The results suggest that for a non-weight conscious individual a fat tax will undoubtedly reduce obesity. More important, the results show that for a weight-conscious individual, especially when this person is physically active, a fat tax may increase overweight. This is because the weight-conscious individual will cook more at home with healthy ingredients and will become less physical active, as a result of the reduced time due to the time spend on cooking (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2008). Besides all named above, there are more factors that influence individuals choices and development. How individuals become obese depends on individual considerations, based on the information one has about side effects of obesity, the amount of this information, considerations about costs and about the benefits (Mann, 2008). Environmental factors are also important in the development of overweight and obesity, such as the family or environment in which a child is growing up and the place of work. Besides that, there is also an genetic component involved in the development of obese, which raises the question if we could punish people for that fact.

Spike Lee :: essays papers

Spike Lee In 1995 I considered Spike Lee's gritty CLOCKERS one of the year's best films; recently I spotted its video in a clearance bin and picked it up. Upon re-viewing, I am struck again by its complexity. It is the first urban drama to depict inner-city race relations with the intricacy such a pervasive cultural issue demands. On the surface it resembles a whodunit, but its main concern is how drugs and violence contaminate entire communities, dramatized in the collapse of one African-American youth's life. (He chokes up blood the way some of us sweat.) This process is observed by a predominantly white police force that makes hollow attempts to keep order, and refuses to intervene with the community's gradual decline. Instead of characters with overt prejudices and plain racial allegiances-characters that are sterile symbols of bigotry rather than credible humans guilty of it-Lee gives us characters of casual racism. Most representative of this is Harvey Keitel's Rocco Klein, a white detective who cannot understand the culture surrounding him, which is a culture of narcotics, violence, and black-on-black crime. On his beat, drugs are less a problem than a lifestyle, murder resolves the tiniest of disagreements, and young mothers valiantly but vainly battle the influence young dealers have on their sons. Klein views the inner-city with contempt, but deep down he knows all the whores and dealers are human beings, too. Klein is introduced at the scene of a homicide, where the police handle the gruesome death with a clinical sense of detachment, cracking bad jokes and asking the bloodied corpse questions. Is it just a job, or is it racism?

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS Essay -- essays papers

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS General Patton was a devoted student of history, a poet, a humble man who was very unsure of his own abilities, a man who could bust into tears at any given moment, and could be charming or quite insulting all in the same hour. His reckless, outspoken manner gained him friends and enemies of equal determination. General Patton was not only extrovert of public perception but he also had an intensely private side. He was a man who trained himself for greatness with a determination matched by no other Allied General of World War Two. During the war, Patton led U.S. troops in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily, then took command of the Third Army, leading the troops through the German lines at Normandy to traverse France and eventually into the heart of Germany. His toughness on enemies as well as his own forces earned him the name â€Å"Old Blood and Guts.† General George Smith Patton’s leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. Old Blood and Guts was born in 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He was a man who from a very early age knew he was destine for a life in the military as one can read in his journal â€Å" When I was a little boy at home I used to wear a wooden sword and say to myself: ‘George S. Patton, Jr., Lieutenant General’.†1 He followed his dreams and gained an educated at Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy. On his graduation in 1909 Patton was commissioned a second lieutenant; he advanced in rank to full General by 1945. George Patton served as aide-de-camp to the American General John Joseph Pershing on Pershing’s expedition to Mexico in 1917. As a young lieutenant Patton was asked by General Pershing why he should be chosen to go on a dangerous mission The young, cocky Patton replied, â€Å"I want to go more than anyone else.†2 After making a name for himself early in his career, Patton earned a promotion; beginning the practice of many promotions to come. His experiences in Mexico prepared him for the soon to come war in Europe. In France during World War One Patton was offered a position as a tank core commander. In his journals, he wrote, â€Å"I will have to grow and grow a lot. But I will. Here is my chance.†3 soldier’s testimonies added to his reputation of being a tough commander. After a battle, he was quoted by some soldiers as saying â€Å"You are not bea... ... of solace, and the basis of practically every thing he did. Patton’s nephew wrote â€Å"The Bible was his companion and the church his refuge.†11 It was not uncommon to see General Patton weeping at the side of a dead or dying solider during his Army career. General George Smith Patton was a great American leader. His victories for America in Mexico, in World War One, and in World War Two proved his amazing leadership skills to the world. His bold, new tactics in France during World War Two are the basis of the modern military. Throughout his career, General Patton earned the respect of his men, his superiors, and the enemy. General George Smith Patton's leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. WORKS CITED Blumenson Martin. Patton the man behind the legend. New York.:Berkly Publishing Company, 1984. Desto Carlo. Patton a genius for war. New York.: Harper Collins Company, 1995. Ladisias Fargo. Patton: Ordeal and Triumph. Chicago.: Ivan Obolengres company, 1981. Wallace Brenton. Patton and his Third Army. New York.: Battery Press, 1981. Blumenson Martin. The Patton Papers 1940-1945. Boston.: Houghton Muffin Company, 1974.

The Pathetic Jay Gatsby of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay examples

The Pathetic Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   Pathetic is a term used to describe someone who is pitifully unsuccessful.   Success is not necessarily measured in wealth or fame, but it is measured by how much one has accomplished in life.   A successful person is one who has set many goals for himself and then goes out in life and accomplishes some of them, but goes on living even if failing on others.   In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is a pathetic character because he wasted his whole life chasing an unrealistic dream.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby's dream is unrealistic because "it depends for its success upon Daisy's discontent with her marriage and her willingness to exchange it for a life of love.   But Daisy's discontent, like her sophistication, is a pose."(Aldridge 36)   The fact is, Daisy has almost all of the things that a woman could want out of a marriage.   She is very wealthy, she has a beautiful daughter, and her relationship with her husband is of a comfortable nature.   It is true that her life is not very exciting, but it is unreasonable to think that she would trade all that she had in her marriage to Tom Buchanan for Jay Gatsby.   At that time, divorce was very uncommon, and it was very unlikely that any woman would leave her husband for any reason at all.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everything that Gatsby ever did in his whole life was based upon his pursuit of the dream.   He   moved to New York and bought his very expensive mansion because of Daisy.   Jordan Baker said, "Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay."(Fitzgerald 83)   He held many expensive parties in the hope that Daisy mi... ...ing as a flawless plan.   A successful person would achieve their goals by meeting their needs in life by using what was given to them. Gatsby tried to do the opposite, and failed.   "Gatsby's story it is a story of failure - the prolongation of the adolescent incapacity to distinguish between dream and reality, between the terms demanded of life and the terms offered."(Troy 21-22)       Works Cited    Fitzgerald, F. Scott.   The Great Gatsby.   New York: Macmillan, 1992.    Twentieth Century Interpretations of the Great Gatsby.   Ed. Ernest H. Lockridge.   Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968.    Troy, William.   "Scott Fitzgerald - The Authority of Failure."   F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. Arthur Mizener. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963.   21-22.      

Storm Born Chapter Twenty-Six

A fairy king's explosion will sort of get everyone's attention. I don't know how they all knew I was responsible, but suddenly, the eyes of my allies and foes alike were on me as all fighting ceased. The guy holding me released his grip, backing up and away. Fear glittered in his wide eyes. It occurred to me then I'd nearly forgotten about my captivity while working the magic. The experience had actually been remarkably like when Dorian kept me tied up. Maybe there'd been more to that method than his own kinky tendencies. None of Aeson's guards – the few who were left – moved from where they stood. I wondered if it was like in those films where killing the head zombie stops all the rest. Kiyo trotted up to me. Blood and dirt spattered his fur, but his eyes shone with eagerness and anticipation, like he could have fought all night. Volusian stood nearby, watching all with an unreadable expression on his face. Looking around myself, I received the full impact of what I'd just done. Whatever else wasn't water in the body lay scattered out in a wide radius from where Aeson had stood. I recognized blood and bits of bone, but most of the debris consisted of slimy, nondescript blobs. Bile rose up in the back of my throat, and I worked to swallow it down. God, what a mess. No wonder the guards looked at me like some kind of monster. I had craved the strength Storm King's inherited power could give me, but this†¦well, I didn't know if I could handle this on a regular basis. â€Å"Sire!† Shaya came tearing through the trees, breaking into the clearing. She looked remarkably fresh compared to the rest of us, but then, she'd probably spent most of our battle time running back to us, once she'd set the trees in motion. She knelt beside Dorian, cradling his head. I'd almost forgotten him in the aftermath. Running over, I dropped beside her. To my surprise, he looked more dirty than burnt. His skin appeared to have the nastiest sunburn of his life, and his clothes had singed and melted in some places. He looked exhausted, like he could keel over at any minute, but he still had the strength to push Shaya away when he saw me. â€Å"I'm fine, I'm fine.† He struggled to sit up. â€Å"Eugenie – â€Å" â€Å"How the hell did you survive that?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Earth shield. It's not important. Listen to me, you have to – â€Å" â€Å"Your majesty, we have to get you to a healer. We can't stay here.† I nodded my agreement. â€Å"She's right – â€Å" â€Å"Damn it! You're both welcome to fuss over my body as much as you like later. Right now, you have to act.† Reaching out, he grasped my arm, fingers digging in painfully to make his point. â€Å"You have to act now if you want to put Aeson to rest.† I glanced around at the gore. â€Å"He's pretty rested. And I don't feel his shade. He's gone.† Dorian shook his head. â€Å"Listen to me. Find his blood, er, what sort of passes for it.† He scanned and caught sight of a small puddle of water that looked to have some dark blobs in it in the poor lighting. â€Å"There. Touch it, and then stick your hand in the ground.† Shaya made a small sound of surprise. â€Å"Why†¦?† Bad enough I'd caused this mess. Now I had to touch it? â€Å"Just do it, Eugenie!† His voice was ragged but forceful, and he reminded me of the time he'd fought the nixies, hard and fierce. â€Å"He's right,† came Volusian's more subdued tones. â€Å"You must finish what you started.† Still not understanding, I did as they asked. The liquid was still warm, and I felt my stomach turn again as I dipped my hand in it. I sensed a tension in Aeson's guards as they watched, but none of them intervened. â€Å"Now put your hand in the earth,† said Dorian. Frowning, I tried. â€Å"I can't really go in. The ground's too hard.† And then it wasn't. My fingers sank in. It was easy. The previously hardened dirt turned soft, like quicksand, pulling my hand in until I was wrist-deep. I wondered if Dorian had done something magical. He shifted over to me. â€Å"Tell me what you feel.† â€Å"It†¦it's soft. And, well, it's dirt.† â€Å"Nothing else?† His voice surprised me. Anxious. Desperate. â€Å"No, it's just – wait. It feels†¦warmer. Hot almost. Like it's moving†¦or alive.† I looked up at him, frightened. â€Å"What's happening?† â€Å"Listen to me, Eugenie. I need you to think about†¦life. Vitality. Picture it in your mind. Whatever setting makes you feel alive when you're outdoors, makes you feel connected to the rest of the world. Cold. Rain. Flowers. Whatever it is, visualize it as sharply as you can. For me, that life is autumn on my father's estate when the oaks are orange and the apples are ripe. For you, it will be something different. Reach out to that. What it looks like, smells like, feels like. Hold that image in your mind.† Still scared, I attempted to focus my befuddled mind into a coherent image. For a moment, his vision stuck in my head, the cool breezes and blazing colors of his land. But no, that wasn't what made me feel alive. Tucson did. Dry heat. The desert's perfume. The sun pouring down on the Santa Catalina mountains. The dull-colored stretches of sandy dirt adorned with splotches of green from low shrubs and plants. The colors and hues of blossoms on cacti after the rain. That was life. The world I'd grown up with and longed for whenever I was away from it. Those images burned into my mind, so real I could almost reach out and touch them. The ground below me shook. Startled, I jerked my hand out of the dirt, but the trembling didn't stop. The land groaned, and before my eyes, it shifted and twisted. The guards' low cries of fear came to my ears, and nearby, Shaya muttered what sounded like a prayer. The trees of the forest behind me melted, sinking into the ground they'd sprouted from. The green carpet of grass we'd fought on faded, replaced by gravelly dirt. A moment later, shrubby patches of grass shot up from that dirt, along with small, scraggly plants. Cholla. Agave. The land beyond the fortress rose, forming into sharp angles and plateaus, like the foothills of a mountain range. Thin pines grew on those slopes, covering it in patches. The moisture in the air dropped, and the temperature increased ever so slightly. Finally the cacti came, popping up everywhere, and they were covered in flowers. Too many flowers to be real. We never had that kind of an outburst, yet there they were, a riot of colors vividly appare nt even in the dusky light of dawn. Saguaros sprang up among the flowering cacti, in a matter of seconds reaching the sizes that normally took hundreds of years. The land started to quiet, except for the spot beside me. It trembled from the force of something trying to get out. I scrambled away lest it impale me. Moments later, a tree burst from the earth, springing up with unreal speed. Reaching almost twenty-five feet in the air, its spiky gray-black branches spread out. Purple blooms sprang all over it like a cloud or a veil. Then all went still. I gaped. I had a Tucson summer around me. Only it was better. The kind of summer you always wished for but rarely achieved. We all sat there frozen, peering around for what would come next. Only Dorian and Volusian seemed nonchalant. â€Å"What is this tree?† Dorian asked softly, looking upward. I swallowed. â€Å"It†¦it's a smokethorn.† My mother had a couple of them in her yard. â€Å"A smokethorn,† he repeated, lips turning up in delight. I stared at him, still in shock. â€Å"What†¦what just happened?† I managed. The sweetness of mesquite came to me on a light breeze, heady and delicious. â€Å"He's given you a kingdom,† said a clear, soprano voice. â€Å"You stole what I should have gotten.† Jasmine Delaney stood just on the outskirts of our little gathering. She looked wraithlike in the early morning light. Her strawberry-blond hair hung long and loose, and a form-fitting blue gown covered her slim body. Her wondrous, enormous gray eyes appeared black without full illumination. Finn stood next to her. I clambered to my feet. Beside me, Dorian did the same, albeit awkwardly. He touched my arm. â€Å"Be careful.† Something was wrong here, but I couldn't put my finger on it yet. â€Å"Jasmine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said stupidly. â€Å"We've come to take you home.† Her lips formed a flat line, not exactly a smile and not exactly a grimace either. â€Å"I am home. After putting up with humans all that time, I'm finally where I should be.† â€Å"You don't know what you're saying. I know you think you want to be here, but it's wrong. You need to come home.† â€Å"No, Eugenie. I'm saying what you should have been saying all along. I recognized my birthright, and I came for it. Whereas you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She shook her head, anger kindling in her words. The intensity of that hate seemed absurd with her young, high voice – as did the fact that she'd actually used the word â€Å"birthright.† Too much time with the gentry. â€Å"You became the biggest rock star around here. You could have had it all, but you couldn't handle it. You spent all your time bitching and moaning, acting like it was so hard to be you. It was stupid, but they all ate it up. Even Aeson did.† She sounded near tears, and a lump formed in my throat. Not because I felt sorry for her but because I knew with a deadly certainty what she was going to say. â€Å"He thought because you were the oldest and had your stupid warrior thing going that you'd be the one to have the heir, not me. He was going to toss me aside, even though I've been faithful to him the whole time – even before he brought me over. It didn't even matter. He was ready to get rid of me for you.† I closed my eyes for a moment, trying to block out her eyes. Those enormous gray eyes, gray like the sky on a rainy day. Just as mine were the violet of storm clouds gathering. Wil's words came back to me, lamenting their childhood: Our dad was always off on some business trip, and our mom was constantly sleeping around on him. Their mom had indeed slept around – with one of the gentry, on one of Storm King's assorted liaisons in the human world. There had been a reason Jasmine reminded me of myself. â€Å"Jasmine†¦please. We can deal with this†¦.† â€Å"No. I'm tired of you, Eugenie. You're the worst sister ever, and you aren't going to be the one who gets to have the heir and start the conquest. I am.† I glanced over at the lanky form beside her. â€Å"Finn†¦?† He shrugged, as chipper as ever. â€Å"Sorry, Odile. I gave you the chance. I spread your identity around, hoping you'd see reason. You think I wanted to be some shaman's toadie? I picked you because I thought you were going places. You blew it, so I traded up.† My shock over these developments shot into anger. Finn had betrayed us. He'd let Aeson know we were coming. He'd even tried to stack the deck against us by separating Dorian from me earlier. Before I – or anyone else – realized what I was doing, I strode over to where my captor had tossed my assorted weapons. In a flash, I held the wand. I touched Persephone's gate and said the banishing words. Finn's mouth dropped open in astonishment, but he was such a weak spirit – never meant to be more than a toadie, after all – that his resistance was a nonevent. My will, channeled through the wand, pulled him through the pathway I'd created. A moment later, he vanished, transported into the Underworld. Banishing him didn't really fix the mess I was in, but it made me feel better. Jasmine's face darkened, her eyes narrowing with bitter hatred for me. Christ. I still couldn't believe this. She was just a kid. â€Å"Your staff got downsized,† I told her. â€Å"I've got more.† I felt a surge of water in the air and a dozen translucent, feline forms appeared beside her. They reminded me of lions, but their bodies moved like water swirled inside them, dynamic and restless, just underneath their translucent skin. Their eyes glowed an almost neon blue, and their teeth and claws looked about ten times longer and sharper than a normal lion's. â€Å"Yeshin,† Dorian murmured in my ear. â€Å"More water creatures.† I caught the implied message. Maiwenn had had nothing to do with the fachan or nixies. Jasmine had sent them, using the power inherited from our father to attempt to kill me. She'd wanted to get me out of the way so she'd be the only one in line to fulfill that crazy prophecy. Maybe I should have been outraged, but mostly I felt jealous. Jasmine could summon water denizens, and I could not. The yeshin moved toward me with a sinuous grace, saliva – or was it simply water? – dripping from their fangs. For a moment, I couldn't act. Then Kiyo moved in a golden-orange streak beside me, tackling one of the yeshin to the ground. Their limbs and claws bit into each other as they wrestled, rolling over and over in the dust. I came to life, grappling on the ground for my gun. Finding it, I ejected the clip and dug through my coat pockets until I found a silver one. Meanwhile, four other yeshin advanced. Dorian waved a hand, and a small dust cloud rose up and swirled in the creatures' eyes. With his other hand, he pointed at me and yelled at the guards. â€Å"All of you! You know your duty. Defend her.† The guards stayed fixed, staring uneasily between the yeshin and me. Then, one stepped forward, sword raised. He let out a battle cry and charged forward to the yeshin nearest him. A moment later, the others followed suit. â€Å"Stay back from this, your majesty,† I heard Shaya say. â€Å"You're too weak now.† She was right. Dorian was pale beneath his burns, barely able to keep himself upright. Giving me a brief glance first, Shaya closed her eyes in concentration. Seconds later, two saguaros ripped themselves from the earth and lumbered toward a yeshin. Their weight and grappling helped immobilize it. I took aim and fired until the yeshin moved no more. Straightening back up, the saguaros plodded on to their next victim. I followed them, ready to repeat the process. Nearby, Kiyo looked to be on his third yeshin. I watched as he pinned it down, his sharp teeth tearing into its skin. Liquid leaked out, not blood but water. Still, it made a valiant effort to fight him, one clawed paw snaking out and gouging his side. Blood appeared on him, but it didn't seem to faze him. He kept moving, tearing into the beast until it died. Then, without hesitation, he moved on to the next one. The guards – my guards? – fought yeshin in small groups while Volusian aided with his magic. Shaya had created another set of moving saguaros but looked tired. She had her sword drawn and hovered near Dorian, watchful and protective through her fatigue. The saguaros had another yeshin pinned. I fired and heard only a click. I'd run out of bullets. This was my second silver clip; I'd brought no more. Swearing, I stuffed the gun away and pulled out my wand. Fixing on the yeshin the saguaros held, I sent the creature out of this world. It took more energy than firing a gun. Working my earlier magic had apparently tired me out. No wonder Dorian and Shaya were weakening. Three yeshin were left. Kiyo was moving onto one of them; I swore he'd taken down half the group himself. Blood covered him, but he bared his teeth and lunged at his next foe. One of the saguaros went down to a yeshin's attack, but the cactus' partner distracted the cat enough for a banishing. The guards had encircled the third and were having a rough time of it. One of them was thrown from the fray, landing roughly and painfully. Another fell in the way of the yeshin's claws and screamed. I still didn't entirely get why they fought for me, but I moved to help them, trying to get a good fix. Suddenly, as I approached, I heard a horrible, strangled cry from where Kiyo fought. I knew it wasn't the yeshin, but I couldn't turn around. I had the guards' yeshin in sight already and had started the words. Forcing myself to stay on task, I drove it from this world. The guards turned to me in surprise. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty,† one said gratefully. I didn't dwell on the fact that he wasn't thanking Dorian. The last yeshin was stalking away from an inert form – a fox-shaped form. My guards were on the cat in a flash, and it succumbed almost immediately. It had already been severely weakened. Jasmine, I barely noted, was nowhere in sight. Without giving her another thought, I fell to Kiyo's side. He wasn't moving. I rolled him over to his back, trying to feel a pulse or breath. Nothing. I screamed his name, wondering what to do. Could you perform CPR on a fox? Desperate and hysterical, I shook him, saying his name over and over. A hand reached out and took my arm, moving it away. â€Å"He's gone, Eugenie,† Dorian said quietly. Shaya knelt beside him, face sober. â€Å"No,† I whispered. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Can't you feel it? His spirit left this body. It travels to the next world.† I blinked, suddenly back in control. Traveling. Maybe not there yet. A banishing sent the spirit on instantly. Real death had a slight delay; that was how people had near-death experiences. â€Å"But not quite there,† I said, relaxing my body and clearing my mind. The butterfly burned as I reached out to Persephone. I was already in the Otherworld, one step closer than usual to the world beyond it. Dorian shot me a look of alarm, recognizing what I was doing. He reached for me. â€Å"Damn it, don't – â€Å" He stopped abruptly, realizing I was already gone. Disturbing me in that state would be deadly. I vaguely saw his hand drop as he stared helplessly at my entranced body, the body that no longer held my spirit. I had moved on – on to the land of death.

2008 Summer Olympics Essay

Published by 2008 by Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. all(prenominal) rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storehouse and retrieval system, without permission in written material from the publisher. photographic printed in the join verbalises of America. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, in the raw York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to entertainments, havescasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3.The economic science of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 4. Audiences for Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 5. The Role of Media in Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 6. Sociocultural Perspectives on Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 7. Practicum on Sportscasting Chapter 8. The time to come o f Sportscasters/Sportscasting Suggestions for Teaching Sportscasting Syllabus exact Dates removeer masterfile Invitation for Sportscaster Speaker 5 7 13 19 25 33 41 55 61 65 67 69 73 75 Introduction Conceived as a supplement to Sportscasters/Sportscasting Principles and Practices, this collection of exercises adds to the pedagogical mix. amounters the outline of a broad show up to under assumeing the topicwhich includes the history, economics, audience, media, sociology, practicality, and future concerns of variations and manoeuvrescasting, it has this worldwide outline Chapter l. Introduction to the study of shoot a linescasters and magnetic variationscasting Chapter 2. The historical phylogeny of sports and sportscasting Chapter 3. The economics of sports, sportscasters, and sportscasting (sports advertisers and advertizement, sport touristry, sports market and guidance, the sports-media complex, sportscasters earnings, and sports sponsorship) Chapter 4.Audiences for sports and sportscasting (U. S. audiences, inter subject cogitation audiences, and special heretoforets) Chapter 5. The role of the media in sports and sportscasting (print media, administering, and beyond, sportscastersthe Jockocracy issue, sportscasters as celebrities, and sportscaster profiles) Chapter 6. Sociocultural perspectives on sports and sportscasting (pervasiveness and salience of sports, role modeling/heroes, and issuesracial and gender consideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8.Future concerns and considerations rough sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as hearty as any unmatchable implicated in the topic, the descriptor sessions in Sportscasting includes a range of ap5 6 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING proaches. The melodic make-up here is that participants in this process volition want to learn as lots as they can to the highest degree the takings. As you will mind, each chapter offers several shipway to enha nce the cultivation process. Some chapters advertize discussions of topics with family and friends and/or in the classroom, and most ar meant to get you both(prenominal) hark backing and talk nearly sportscasting-re later(a)d issues. on that intimate also be a total of bibliographic lists, supporting(a) further research on mingled topics, along with an approach to inform on your consumeing that encourages critical valueing. act 1. 4 is a consume in the blanks, with the answers on the next page, as is Exercise 2. 3 Sport history origins, and the essays in Exercise 2. 4 have argueed inclusions for answers. If you argon interest grouped in doing survey scholarship, there be two examples here Exercise 4. 5 offers directions on how to get information on audiences for the Olympic secret plans, along with a specimen and coding forms, and Exercise 5.8 view ass you a good background for intervie gaing sportscasters. In the confide that you use soft drinks, as suggest ed, you should make happy Exercise 5. 6, The Brent Musburger Drinking halting an separate way to monitor sportscasterspeak. There actually be a flake of fun exercises here, as you will see. In hurt of the practicum, you argon asked to consider the sphere of sports journalism, examine sports cliches, construct a resume, meditate your phonate, and actually practice sportscasting. As in anything else, the to a greater extent you are willing to take heed these miscellaneous activities, the more it will swear out you in the long run. This is, after all, simply your beginning.After the exercises is a separate ingredient focusing on the way this course has been taught in the past. It includes the following 1. Syllabus 2. Critical Dates 3. Student profile 4. A suggested invitation for a sportscaster speaker Designed for teachers, this office is suggestive only, and is open to inputas is, in fact, this whole project. Your responses are encouraged, and I wish you intumesce in your digest of and/or career in sportscasting. Chapter 1 Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Exercise 1. 1 Your comment/Description of Sportscasting We all have our receive pay offs with the subject of sportscasting. identify somewhatwhat yours, including your interest in the topic. At some dot, give your own definition and/or exposition of sportscasting. In addition, what has been your individualized experience with sportscasting and sportscasters? con bring you met any sportscasters individualizedly? Who are your favorites? Who are your least favorite(s)? Think or so why, and deal your thought processs. Exercise 1. 2 sphericisation of Sports ( countersign review) From the bibliography that follows, lease a intelligence and look back it, including the following information 1. The script Full urinate of the title, author(s) name, when and where published and by whom, number of pages and illustrations.2. Author(s) Who she or he isprofessio n, background, experience, and other do main(prenominal)ations. 3. disgorge of speech The writers point of view, or bias. Do you think she or he is qualified to write about this subject? Is the password based on personal experience? 4. Thesis What is the main point here? why do you think this book was written? hit the books the premise and the book jacket, if applicable. Give a picture description of the book in terms of its thesis, and give your opinion on how swell up it is supported. 7 8 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 5. present What kinds of arguments does the author use, and how success respectabley? Do you think the facts are reasonable?Are the conclusions under- or everyplacestated, and how do they stand up? 6. ploughshare to cognition What does this book add to both your education and that of others who put downiness read it? Who expertness same(p)(p) to read this book? 7. Your military rank of the book Was it well written? comfortably organized? Would you read more books by this author? 8. general personal reply Was reading this book and writing this book report a worthwhile experience for you? Did you discuss this book with anyone? Bibliography on Globalization Allison, Lincoln (2006). The global politics of sport The role of global institutions in sport. Oxford, UK Routledge.Amis, prank (2005). Global sport sponsorship. Oxford, UK Berg Publishing. Andrews, David L. (2006). Sport-commerce-culture Essays on sport in late capitalistic America. in the raw York light beam Lang. Baimer, A. 2001. Sport, caseism, and globalization European and North American perspectives. capital of young York, NY SUNY. Chandler, Joan M. 1988. Tele fancy and national sport The U. S. and Britain. Urbana, IL University of Illinois Press. Cronin, Mike and David mayall (Eds. ) (1998). jazzy nationalisms. Oxford, UK Taylor & Francis, Inc. Eitzen, D. Stanley (Ed. ) (2004). Sport in contemporary hostelry An anthology, 7th ed.Boulder, CO Paradigm Publishers . Foer, Franklin. 2004. How association football explains the world An un analogously theory of globalization. in the raw York Harper Perennial. Gems, Gerald R. (2006). The athletic crusade Sport and American cultural imperialism. Lincoln University of atomic number 10 Press. Houlihan, Barrie. 1994. Sport and international politics. NY Harvester Wheatsheaf. Ingham, Alan G. and canful W. Loy (eds. ) 1993. Sport in social development Traditions, transitions, and transformations. Champaign, IL military man Kinetics. Maguire, Joseph. 1999. Global sport Identities, societies, civilizations. Cambridge, UK Polity Press.Majumdar, Boria and Fan Hong (Eds. ) (2006). Modern sport the global obsession. Oxford, UK Routledge. Miller, Toby, Geoffrey Lawrence, Jim McKay, and David Rowe (2001). Globalization and sport compete the world. capital of the joined Kingdom Sage. Roche, Maurice (2001). Mega- circumstances and modernity Olympics and expos in the yield of global culture. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. teachers manual 9 Sandvoss, Cornel. 2003. A post of two halves football fandom, picture and globalisation. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Szymanski, Stefan and Andrew Zimbalist. (2005). National pastime How Americans mutation baseball jeopardize and the rest of the world plays soccer.Brookings Institution Press. Tomlinson, Alan and Christopher vernal (Eds. ) (2006). National identity element and global sports events. Albany State University of refreshing York Press. Van Bottenburg, Maarten and Beverley capital of Mississippi (2001). Global feistys. Champaign, IL University of Illinois Press. Wenner, Lawrence A. (Ed. ) (1998). MediaSport. unexampled York Routledge. Westerbeek, Han and Aaron metalworker (2003). Sport transaction in the global marketplace. pertly York Palgrave Macmillan. Whannel, Garry (1992). Fields in vision TV sport and cultural transformation. London Routledge. Wilson, jakes. 1994.Playing by the rules Sport, societ y, and the state. Detroit, MI Wayne State UP. Exercise 1. 3 Sportscasting prototypals Lou Schwartz has put in concert a list of Sportscasting starting-years, 1920Present, available at http//www. americansporscasteronline. com, from American Sportscasters Online. Choose one of these events to research further, and feel free to add more to the list. Sept. 6, 1920 early piano tuner distribute of a Prizefight - jackstones Dempsey versus tiptopy Miske WWJ Nov. 25, 1920 scratch communicate Play-by-Play disperse of a Collegiate football Game Texas University versus Mechanical College of Texas WTAW Aug.5, 1921 beginning Radio permeate of a Baseball Game-Pittsburgh Pirates versus Philadelphia Phillies Harold Arlin on KDKA Aug. 6, 1921 starting Radio circularise of a Tennis Match Australia versus Great Britian, Davis transfuse Harold Arlin on KDKA Oct. 5, 1921 First Radio Broadcast of a World serial publication- New York Yankees versus New York Giants Sandy Hunt and To mmy Cowan on WJZ Oct. 7, 1922 First Radio Chain Broadcast- WJZ and WGY transmitted a World serial publication game from the field Grantland Rice and Graham McNamee 10 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Nov. 24, 1923 First Radio Broadcast of the one-year Army Navy football game Graham McNamee Jan.1, 1927 First Coast-to-Coast Radio plan Univ. of Alabama versus Stanford originating from Pasadena, California, broadcast from the Rose axial motion NBC interlocking May 17, 1939 First Televised Sports issuance Columbia versus Princeton baseball Bill hard on NBC Aug. 26, 1939 First Television Broadcast of a pro Baseball Game Cincinnati Reds versus Brooklyn Dodgers Red Barber on W2XBS Oct. 22, 1939 First Television Broadcast of a Pro Football Game-Brooklyn Dodgers versus Philadelphia Eagles W2XBS Feb. 25, 1940 First Television Broadcast of a Hockey GameNew York Rangers versus Mont existent Canadiens -W2XBS Feb.28, 1940 First Televsion Broadcast of a Basketball Game Fordham versu s U. of Pittsburgh W2XBS Sept. 30, 1947 First Televised World Series-New York Yankees versus Brooklyn Dodgers aired on trinity stations WABD, WCBS, WNBT -Bob Edge, Bob Stanton and Bill woodlouse Oct. 3, 1951 First Coast-to-Coast Television Broadcast of a Baseball Game-NY Giants versus Brooklyn Dodgers, Game 3 of NL playoffs. Giants win on Bobby Thomsons homerun kip downn as the Shot Heard Round the World. Aug. 26, 1955 First Color Television broadcast Davis instill match mingled with Australia and the U. S. NBC July 23, 1962 First beam Telecast via Telstar Communications included portion of Chicago Cubs versus Philadelphia Phillies from Wrigley Field Jack Brickhouse Jan. 15, 1967 First Television Broadcast of a Football Championship- parking area Bay Packers versus Kansas City Chiefs Jack Buck Nov. 8, 1972 First Sports Telecast by HBO New York Rangers versus Vancouver Canucks from Madison Square garden reaches HBOs 365 subscribers in Wilkes Barre, Pa. Marty Glick man Instructors Manual 11 Aug. 16, 1976 First Pro Football Game Outside the United States- St.Louis Cardinals versus San Diego Chargers in Japan- Jack Buck Aug. 3, 1993 First Woman to do Television Play-by-Play of a Baseball Game -Colorado Rockies versus Cincinnati Reds Gayle Gardner on KNGN-TV in Denver Exercise 1. 4 Fill in the Blanks 1. The evolution of sportscasting has gone from sports reporting for information to in terms of its profitability. 2. Sportscasting is a $ industry. 3. Television executives and advertisers are primarily fire in sportscasters who can .4. Super bowlful hype helps draw audiences of (number) viewers with advertising costing $ per minute.at alphabet is credited with service that network snuff it 5. known for its sports, introducing shows like Wide World of Sports in 1967 and Monday wickedness Football in 1970. 6. Women sportscasters, although few in number, include , , and . 7. According to Red Barber, was the introductory genuine pioneer in int ercommunicate sports announcing. 8. In the 1960s, the annual number of network hours of sports programming was 787 in the 1970s, 1,340 and now it is . in advertising for 9. The major netwhole kit and boodle sell about $ sports. 10. Leading sportscasters currently earn salaries of -figure incomes. 11. sportsmanlike events created for television, such as celebrity tennis or billiards, The Skins Games, battles of network superstars, and shows like them are called . 12. ABC paid $ for rights to the 1984 Los Angeles Olymfor the 1988 Calgary Olympics, and NBC paid pics, $ $ for the 2006 Torino Olympics and 2008 capital of Red China Olympics. 13. Americans spend about % of our gross national product (GNP) on sports.12 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 14. Sports marketing statistics show corporate sponsorship cost of $ for endorsements from sports figures, and about on event sponsorship and participation. $ 15. My personal favorite sportscaster is .Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1 3. 14. 15. Infotainment Multi meg sawhorse industry Draw and sustain audiences one hundred forty+ billion viewers, with advertising costing $2 million per thirty reciprocal ohms Roone Arledge Mary Carillo, Gayle Gardner, robin redbreast Roberts, Lesley Visser, etc. Major J. Andrew White 24/7 ABC $1. 33 billion, CBS $1. 43 billion, NBC $472 million, ESPN $1. 16 billion and ESPN2 $219 million, Fox $1. 18 billion, and TNT $221 million. Seven Trashsports ABC$225 million 1984 $309 million 1988 NBC$1. 5 billion for 2006 and 2008 whizz (1) percent $900 million for endorsements, $7.7 billion for sponsorships (students choice) Chapter 2 The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Exercise 2. 1 Oral Histories on Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting plausibly the best way for you to understand and regard the history of sports and sportscasting is by talking to great deal who have experience with the past. Let me suggest that you conduct interviews with two personssooner one male and one female, preferably separately, preferably both born before or during World War II about their early memories with sports, sportscasters, and sportscasting.Use your own knowledge about the history, economics, politics, content trends, and sociocultural implications of intercommunicate and television in your interviews. Prompt your interviewees to hark back some of their favorite early programs, performers, even advertisers. Write up a analysis of your findings, including detailed descriptions on when and where the interviews were performed, how long they lasted, whether you tape record responses and/or wrote them down, whether or not those responses are reported verbatim, and everyplaceall how you felt about the survey procedure.Also, provide detailed descriptions about the persons you interviewed, especially demographically. This method has proven to be a fascinating way to learn history, and old-timers satisfyingly enjoy the process. Be sure as shooting to t hank them for sharing their memories Exercise 2. 2 Hype in Sports History Often, we king wonder about what is hyped in sports history, and what energy be ignored. As a sports scholar, you competency consider the 13 14 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING following approach to sports media criticism of television and/or film 1.Who are the actors in this succession or series, and what roles do they play? 2. Who made the program or motion picture production company, producer, director, writer, director of cinematography, and so on? Have I seen other works by these people? Is it pertinent to know and mention them? 3. Do I like this episode or motion picture? Why? Why not? 4. Have I been fair with this episode or pitiful-picture show after only one viewing, or should I see it a moment time to see what I efficiency have missed? 5. What biases might I have toward the episode or movies star(s), director, and/or subject intimacy? 6.Have I been as purpose as possible? Have I used examples to support my views? Have I been prejudiced by my attitude toward the episode or movies origin or plot? Have I described it accurately? Exercise 2. 3 Sports History Firsts Fill in the blanks. 1. The low successful sports broadcast in the United States 2. In baseball, this broadcast took place during its 53rd chasten . 3. Describe the archetypal World Series sportscast ________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 4.Jack Graney, the first ex-athlete to overrun the broadcast booth, became known as __________________________________. 5. The first Olympic Games broadcast for the American public were ____________________________________________. 6. Davis Cup, the first tennis match, had reportage on this date _________________________________________________. 7. The first broadcast of a college football game was __________. 8. Radio cover the first boxing match betwixt whom _______. Instructors Manual 15 9. The first live profligate event on television was _____________.10. Regarding the print media, what was the first sport magazine to debut in the 1820s __________________________________. 11. The theme that had the first distinct sports sectionalization ______. 12. Name the first daily newspaper totally devoted to sports, with regional sections ___________________________________. 13. HBOs first regional sportscast ________________________. 14. ESPN, the first twenty-four-hour all-sports cable network, began _____________________________________________. 15. Ted Turners thanksgiving Games first began ________________. Answers 1.April 11, 1921, when the Pittsburgh Posts sports editor, Florent Gibson, did the play-by-play over station KDKA, describing the no-decision fight mingled with insurgent Ray and whoremongerny Dundee at Pittsburghs Motor Square Garden. 2. August 5, 1921, broadcast by Harold ArlinPittsburgh Pirates defeating t he Philadelphia Phillies 8-5. 3. Thomas Cowan, sitting in a New York studio, recreated for the receiving set audience over stations WJZ and WBZ the 1921 World Series on October 5, as the New York Giants defeated the New York Yankees 5-3. Grantland Rice did the play-by-play. 4. The Voice of the Indians, 1932. 5.1932 piano tuner reports from Lake Placid for the winter games, Los Angeles for the summer games. Ted Husing provided summaries on WABC in New York. 6. August, 1921 over KDKA. 7. November 5, 1921, with Harold Arlin of KDKA blanket Pittsburgh versus West Virginia he yelled so hard at one touchdown that he knocked the station off the air. 8. Over WJY in 1921, the world heavyweight championship take account fight surrounded by Jack Dempsey and George Carpentier of France. 9. The south game of a baseball double-header between Columbia and Princeton, covered by Bill Stern out of New Yorks Baker Field on May 17, 1939.10. provideiam Trotter Porters aspect of the Times. 11. W illiam Randolph Hearsts New York Journal, 1895. 12. Frank DeFords The National, which debuted January, 1990. 16 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 13. 1972 hockey game between the New York Rangers and Vancouver Canucks. 14. September, 1979. 15. 1986. Exercise 2. 4 Essays 1. Describe the broad trends that best get qualifications of what makes and have made the best sportscasters over the years. 2. Trace the developments from sports journalism to sports broadcasting. 3.Discuss sportscasters themselves as sponsors, celebrities/stars, as fans favorites, as former athletes (jockocracy), and as newscasters. 4. Outline some of the distinctions of the symbiosis between media and sport. Suggested Essay Answers 1. In the early days, voice was the most distinguishing characteristic. Review the Waldo Abbott 1941 quotation about phraseology, diction, rules, and regulations, and review some early sports journalists. The second phase of sportscasting concentrated more on knowledge of sport, and began the practice known as jockocracy. Currently, it appears that knowledge of television is what is critical. Consider Marty Glickmans suggestion that succinctness, self-discipline and awareness of the fill are the criteria. Still today the demographics of sportscasters go forward pretty much within the sentiment of white males, aged thirty to fifty. It is found that local/regional sportscasters differ greatly from national network ones, the former world more involved personally with the teams. 2. Bruce place shows how sports reporting is becoming more headmasterlist some examples.We are thought to be in the age of naive realismwhat Karmer (1987) calls the double whammy of electronic media and chit journalism, such that the rules are being rewritten. Print was revolutionized by the introduction of USA forthwith especially graphics, statistics, and wide-ranging sports coverage. But so far no newspaper has caught on even though The National was well done, sports fans today mostly de pend on television and the Internet for their coverage. Television itself has revolutionized sports Instructors Manual 17 coverage, from ABC in the 1970s to the introduction of ESPN and other 24/7 sports channels.We have travel from game stories centered on quotes from players and coaches and postgame trips to the footlocker room to instant messaging and existence monitoring. It becomes sobering to realize how we are moving from being told about sports to choosing what stories we want to follow in other words, we are more and more becoming more active in the process. 3. Cite some examples of sportscasters as sponsors, and whence consider the issue of how some of them become bigger than the events they are covering. Who are homers? Who are former athletes? Who are newsmakers? Include considerations of race, gender, homophobia, and the like.4. What is real relative to sportscasting? What differences are there between how reportage is received from print media, radio or television, the Internet, iPods, and other technologies? Discuss various production techniques, such as slo-mo replays, time-lapse shots, telestrators, wireless microphones, cameras attached to items like pucks, and how they might arrange how a story is delivered. And consider how redact and videotaping have revolutionized not only what we see but also when and how we see it inappropriate controls, Tivos, and general zipping and zapping of ads and programs.The potential for great sports viewing, and for learning about new sports and other countries sports, is largebut will we settle for the same old/same old? Will we ask more from our sports, and from our sportscasters? Chapter 3 The political economy of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Exercise 3. 1 Sports Tourism As one of the fastest-growing niche markets in the more than $500 billion touristry industry, sports tourism encourages us to participate directly, such as on ski trips, at golf or tennis camps, on theme cruises, or as spectators for events such as the Olympic Games, Super Bowl, World Cup, and the like.Tell about your own experience in sports tourism. You might want to refer to some of these books Brabazon, Tara (2006). Playing on the periphery Sport, identity and memory. London Routledge. Gibson, Heather (2006). Sport tourism. New York Routledge. Higham, James (2004). Sport tourism destinations Issues, opportunities and analysis. Burlington, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. Hinch, Thomas and James E. S. Higham (2004). Sport tourism development. Clevedon, UK Channel View Books. Hudson, Simon (Ed. ) (2002). Sport and bet on tourism. Binghamton, NY The Haworth Press. Ritchie, Brent W. and Daryl Adair (Eds. ) (2004).Sport tourism Interrelationships, impacts and issues. Oxon, UK multilingual Matters. Robinson, Tom (2004). Sports tourism An introduction. Boston, MA Thomson Learning. Robinson, Tom, Sean Gammon, and Ian Jones (2003). Sports tourism An Introduction. London Continuum. Rowe, David and Geoffrey L aurence (Eds. ) (2000). Tourism, leisure, sport, and critical perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Ryan, Chris (2003). Recreational tourism Demand and impacts. Celevedon, UK Channel View Publications. 19 20 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Scarrott, Martin (Ed. ) (1999). Sport, leisure and tourism information sources A guide for researchers.Butterworth-Heinemann. Standeven, rejoice and capital of Minnesota DeKnop (1999). Sport tourism. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Turco, Douglas Michele, Roger S. Riley, Kamilla Swart (2002). Sport tourism. Morgantown, WV Fitness info Technology. Van Der Wagen, Lynn (2002). Event management For tourism, cultural, concern, and sporting events. Prentice-Hall. Weed, Mike and Chris Bull (2003). Sports tourism Participants, policy and providers. Burlington, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. Exercise 3. 2 The Economics of Sports (book review) From the bibliography, choose a book and critique it, including the following information 1.The book full name of the t itle, author(s) name, when and where published and by whom, number of pages and illustrations. 2. Author(s) who she or he isprofession, background, experience, and other publications. 3. Frame of reference the writers point of view, or bias. Do you think he or she is qualified to write about this subject? Is the book based on personal experience? 4. Thesis what is the main point here? Why do you think this book was written? Read the preface and the book jacket, if applicable. Give a brief description of the book in terms of its thesis, and give your opinion on how well it is supported.5. Evidence what kinds of arguments does the author use, and how successfully? Do you think the facts are valid? Are the conclusions under- or overstated, and how do they stand up? 6. Contribution to knowledge what does this book add to both your education and that of others who might read it? Who might like to read this book? 7. Your evaluation of the book was it well written? Well organized? Would yo u read more books by this author? 8. Overall personal reaction was reading this book and writing this book report a worthwhile experience for you? Did you discuss this book with anyone? Instructors Manual.Bibliography on customary Sports Economics 21 Andrews, David L. (Ed. ) (2001). Michael Jordon, Inc Corporate sport, media culture, and late modern America. Albany State University of NY Press. Andrews, David L. (2006). Sport-commerce-culture Essays on sport in late capitalist America. New York Peter Lang. Aris, Stephen (1990). Sportssecret plan Inside the sports vexation. London Hutchinson. Fizel, basin, Elizabeth Gustafson, and Lawrence Hadley (Eds. ) (1999). Sports economics Current research. Westport, CT Praeger. Goff, Brian L. and Robert D. Tollison (eds. ) (1990). Sportometrics. College Station, TX Texas A&M UP.Gorman, Jerry and Kirk Calhoun (1994). The name of the game The business of sports. NY basin Wiley & Sons. Graham, Peter J. (Ed. ) (1994). Sport business Operationa l and theoretical aspects. Madison, WI WCB Brown & Benchmark. Hofmann, Dale and Martin J. Greenberg (1989). Sports$biz An irreverent look at bad Business in pro sports. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Klatell, David A. and Norman Marcus (1988). Sports for sale Television, money, and the fans. New York Oxford. Rosentraub, dent S. (1997). Major League losers The real cost of sports and whos paying for it. New York Basic Books. Sheehan, Richard G.( 1996).Keeping score The economics of Big-Time sports. South Bend, IN Diamond Communication. Staudohar, Paul D. and James A. Mangan (Eds. ) (1991). The business of professed(prenominal) sports. Urbana, IL University of Illinois Press. Walsh, Adrian (2006). Ethics, money & sport This sporting mammon. New York Routledge. Weiss, Ann E. (1993). Money games The business of sports. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin. Bibliography on Law/Legal Issues Berry, Robert C. and Glenn M. Wong (1993). Law and business of the sports industries Common issues in amat eur and captain sports. Westport, CT Praeger. Champion, Walter T. , Jr.(1993).Sports uprightness in a nutshell. St. Paul, MN West Pub. Cotton, Doyice J. and T. Jesse Wilde (1997). Sport righteousness for sport managers. Dubuque, Iowa Kendall/Hunt. Cozzillio, Michael J. and Mark S. Levinstein (1997). Sports justness Cases and materials. Durham, NC Carolina academician Press. Dougherty, Neil J. (1994). Sport, physical activity, and the fair play. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Fotiades, John M. (1989). Youre the judge How to understand sports, torts & courts. Worcester, MA Edgeworth and North Books. 22 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Greenberg, Martin J. (1993). Sports law practice. Charlottesville, VA Michie Co.Greenfield, Steve and Guy Osborn (Eds. ) (2000). Law and sport in Contemporary society. London Frank Cass. Hladczuk, John (Comp. ) (1991). Sports law and legislation An annotated bibliography. New York Greenwood Press. Jarvis, Robert M. and Phyllis Coleman (1999). Sports law C ases and materials. 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