Neighborhood research assignment Ozone Park Queens Essay

Neighborhood research assignment Ozone Park Queens - Essay Example Later on it was developed by music publisher and developer Benjamin W. Hitchcock and his partner Charles C. Delton. The called the region â€Å"Ozone Park,† because the gentle, fresh air current blew continuously from Jamaica Bay and Atlantic Ocean. The inhabitants are from various ethnic groups such as German, Irish, Eastern European as well as immigrants from Caribbean and Latin America. When the transportation was developed in the region the population started increasing and between the year of 1921 and 1930. As per the data collected in 2010, the population of Ozone Park is 37,087 people. If considered the population growth of this region, it is 3.90 percentages. The average age of the population, is 33.68 years. Population density in Ozone Park, Queens is 33,453/sq.mtr. The population in gender is divided in following way: According to the jobs 74% people are involved in white collar jobs whereas 25% people are involved in blue collar job. In Ozone Park 30% of people are in the age group between 0 and 17, 30% of the population is between 18 and 44 age group and 5% population consists of the people who have crossed the age of 65. The following chart shows the population of various groups of people staying in Ozone Park. The population of Ozone Park, Queens is growing rapidly. ... South border is South Conduit Avenue while the east is 108 Street. Ethnicity of Ozone Park The population of Ozone Park consists of many immigrant groups. The contribution of German and Irish people is substantial in this region. These ethnic groups occupied Ozone Park in the late 19th century and early 20th century. By 1910 Italian people were supposed to be one of the largest ethnic groups in the neighbourhood. They started migrating from New York to Ozone Park. Since the beginning, Ozone Park is captured by the immigrants. At first the Italian people came and settled down there. Ozone Park is known as Little Italy, it is because of its remarkable Italian population. Though the Italians are dominant, in the past few years the other people also are coming and settling down in this region. Among them some immigrants are from South Asia, South America, and West Indies. All of them have brought their cultures with them and thus the land has become cosmopolitan and multi-cultured. Such diversity in culture has made Ozone Park one of the fastest growing as well as ethnically diverse lands in New York City. The African American group also has spread all over the neighbourhood. While describing the ethnic diversity, Jerome Krase and Ray Hutchison say, â€Å"Richmond Hill is the residential and commercial center of a vibrant and expanding Indo-Guyanese and Indo-Trinidadian community concentrated in South Central Queens including neighbouring Ozone Park, South Ozone Park, and Jamaica. Indo Caribbean are descendents of Indian migrants who lived in the Caribbean nations of Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, for well over 100 years.† (Jerome Krase and Ray Hutchison, 2004) Here in this region one can find the

Change Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change Theory - Assignment Example Some of those steps include; unfreezing, refreezing and changing. Based on the nature of change that needs implementation, I believe it is an ideal theory, which can enable the changes to be effectively implemented. Thus, to ensure that the new technique of reporting is effectively implemented with positive results, I settled for a participative leadership style to steer the team to embrace the change in question efficiently. The reason why this leadership style stood out from the rest in ensuring the said changes are implemented is because it is involves the whole team thus denoting a democratic notion whereby each member feels his/her opinions are respected. This style requires all the team members to participate actively in decision making by airing out their views, before the final decision is communicate by the participative leader (Burke, 2010). Therefore, this will tend to boost the morale of the team members in ensuring the new changes are successfully fully implemented since they will be part of the decision-making body. In addition, the participants will develop a sense of contentment since they will view the democratic nature of this leadership style being ideal as each and every opinion that they propose will be considered hence forming a portion of the final decision that will be implemented. That notwithstanding the participative leadership style will ensure a positive response to changes by the team members as they will not reject those changes since they are part of the team that came up with the decisions thus it will be their obligation to embrace them since it is their own making. Thus, this having been said it is prudent to say that the changes will be positively implemented successfully since it will be a common initiative of the whole team rather than an individual’s making (Burke, 2010). The Kurt Lewin theory of change is ideal in implementing this

Survey on the WIFI Positioning Technology

Survey on the WIFI Positioning Technology A quick survey on the WIFI positioning technology Abstract Wireless location estimation technology is applied largely into many fields such as in the military communication, Internet of things and social networks. Meanwhile, with the growing need of WIFI technology, access points of WIFI networks have been deployed in large-scale department stores, cafes, schools and general hospitals. WIFI location positioning can not only offset the drawbacks of GPS especially in built-up area or indoors environment but also enlarge the location estimation services in the relevant industrials. Specifically, more accurate result is the main contribution of the WIFI positioning. Based on WIFI location estimation technology, this survey will present different kinds of approaches applied in WIFI positioning, give a comparison among them and discuss certain algorithms in fingerprint technology. Key words: WIFI technology, WIFI localization, location positioning algorithms 1 Introduction With the high development of Wireless Communication and the urgent need of Personal Communication Service, different kinds of wireless networks has emerged such as GSM, WCDMA, TDSCDMA based on Cellular Technology, Wi-Fi based on AP coverage, etc. Diverse wireless network has different features and can also bring about a wide variety of data services which can satisfy the user for their own communication need. Largely, it can offer us high quality of communication experience and alter our way of life. In the same time, the rapid growth of the wireless communication make the social networks popular among the young generations. Location estimation technology will also make a great contribution to it. In advertising services, as long as the detailed location coordinate of the mobile users is once determined, it will bring about enormous economic benefits to the surrounding business. Business owners could send advertisements to consumers nearby to make more profit. The positioning technology could make public security services more completed. For example, it can aid us to find lost articles, stolen bicycles and missing children or pets. Furthermore, for large manufactures, Location estimation technology could offer the detailed position information of each product components. As for tourists, it can provide travelling information, too. Even in museums, campus and large amusement parks, users could also take the advantage of this location services. With the WIFI technology being applied into many fields, access points of WIFI networks are covered in large commercial buildings, cafes, schools, grand hospitals, bus stops and metro. WIFI positioning technology could make up the limits in indoors environment of GPS. It can not only improve the accuracy of location estimation but also cut down the cost of coverage, which is significant to the society, 2. Different approaches applied in WIFI positioning In terms of positioning technology, the most popular one is GPS. However, the environment should be flat and open. As for indoors regions, GPS technology has a relative poor accuracy in location estimation due to the fact that influenced by the building walls and other subjects, the intensity of signal is attenuated largely. Therefore, WIFI position technology could be an optimized choice for indoors environment. 2.1 The definition of the WIFI positioning Localization is the process of estimating absolute or relative position of mobile objects, referring to the data of predefined spots’ position in restricted area. [1] In indoors environment, WLAN is the ideal option to localize the terminals. The access point just like the bases in wireless communication play a significant role in WIFI positioning. Therefore, WIFI could provide the larger coverage as well as make the localization more convenient. 2.2 The classification of the approaches in WIFI Localization Currently, the majority of WLAN is using the Radio Frequency to communicate with each other due to the fact that most Radio Waves could penetrate walls or obstacles in indoors environment. To be more specific, RSSI is the common localization technology to be applied in wireless environment. [2]The following gives a simple description of RSSI. RSSI (received signal strength indication): Research and experimental measurements show that wireless signal in propagation presents some rules as followed: Once the transmission power of AP is fixed, there is an inverse relationship between the receiver’s received signal strength and distance between sender and receiver.[3] Specifically, if the distance between them is closer, the stronger received signal strength we will get. By using the known radio propagation model, RSSI method could measure different RSSI of APs from mobile terminals. In most cases, we could get the positioning result through three different APs. Therefore, positioning approaches based on RSSI could be classified into two fields: one is trilateration positioning and the other is fingerprinting positioning. 2.2.1 Trilateration positioning technology Trilateration positioning technology means setting the 3 APs to be the center and the distance between AP and to be localized subject to be radius. Therefore, we get the 3 different circles and the focus among them. By using the above data, we could attain the equations to work out the distance of the solution. In WIFI networks, the distance between AP and user could be attained by two approaches. 1. TOA (time of arrival): TOA is measuring the one-way propagation time between the AP and mobile terminals or the round-trip propagation time. [4]The former needs to record the precise signal transmission time of the AP or mobile terminals.Fig.3-1 shows the basic idea of TOA positioning approach. Moreover, the receiver is highly depend on the clock, too; the latter don’t worry about the synchronization. However, there are still high demands on the clock. Fig.2-1 The schematic diagram of TOA approach Yet, TOA is highly depend on accurate time clock. During the localization, 1ms of the measuring error could result in the 300m positioning mistake. Therefore, for the AP and mobile terminal there are high demand on precise clock, which increased the localization hard ware costs. 2. TDOA (time difference of arrival): Different from TOA, TDOA is to detect the arrival time difference between the two APs other than the absolute arrival time for the target terminal localization[5]. Fig.3-2 describe the basic schematic diagram of TDOA approach. Obviously, via this approach, we can minimize the high demand of the synchronization between the sender and receiver. By using the three different AP, it is easy to measure two TDOA values. The mobile terminal is located on two hyperbolic intersection determined by the two TDOA. Fig.2-2 The schematic diagram of TDOA approach 2.2.2 Fingerprinting positioning technology Similar to the traditional fingerprint technology, fingerprint technology relies on characterizing the feature of the database to identify the target.Fig.3-3 gives a detailed description of the working principle in finger printing technology. [6]There are two stages in the localization: training stage and positioning stage. Training Stage: The target in this stage is to build a fingerprint database. First, we should adopt a reasonable reference point distribution for ensuring to provide enough information in the positioning stage. Then, It is important to measure the value of RSS in different reference points. [11]The location information of reference points and the corresponding MAC address are recorded in the database. Due to the environment factor, wireless signal strength is not stable. In order to overcome this disadvantage, generally, we take the average of multiple measurements at each reference point. Table2-1 below indicates the establishment of the fingerprint database. Table2-1 An example of the fingerprint database Positioning Stage: Once the database is settle down, according to the certain matching algorithms, the RSS value of the target point is compared with known information in the database. The common matching algorithm is Nearest Neighbor algorithm (NN) , k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and so on. These approaches will be discussed thoroughly in the next part. At last, we could attain estimated user location. Fig.2-3 The schematic location positioning technology in fingerprint The above is some basic approaches in WLAN based indoor location estimation technology. The table 2-2 blow presents a brief comparison among them. Table 2-2 the comparison among the different approaches in WLAN based indoor environment 3. Location Algorithms in fingerprint technology In this section, we will introduce two classical positioning algorithms based on fingerprint technology: Nearest Neighbor (NN) algorithm and Naà ¯ve Bayesian algorithm. 3.1 The Nearest Neighbor algorithm (NN) NN could be regarded as a special case of KNN algorithm namely k=1. KNN approach is first introduced in early 1950s. Within the large amount of training set, it is computationally intensive. From then on, it is applied rapidly in the field of pattern recognition.[8] NN is based on analogical learning. To be more specific, we could attain the result by comparing the given test examples and resembled training samples. In the field of wireless location estimation, the test samples are fingerprint and the class label is the physical location corresponding to the fingerprint. [9]Supposed that if the number of fingerprint is l (denoted as ) in the localization area, there is a mapping relationship between each fingerprint and the corresponding physical location information}.In the real-time positioning stage, one RSS fingerprint example is denoted as S. It contains average RSS value from N different APs, namely .In the fingerprint database, each fingerprint is expressed as. is the fingerprint of No.i, which contains the average value of RSS in No.n AP. Therefore, the similarity between the fingerprint S of the real-time signal and the training samples in the database could be measured by the distance between them, for instance, the Euclidean distance. Just like the formula 3-1 below: Finally, for the fingerprint S of the real-time signal, the estimated result is the physical location corresponding to the fingerprint which is the nearest one from it. Shown as formula (3-2). 3.2The Naive Bayesian Algorithm The naà ¯ve Bayesian algorithm is based on the probability method deriving from classification in statistics.[10] Bayesian classification could predict the likelihood of the class members, for instance the given sample belongs to a particular class. The main idea of Bayesian classification is that in many applications, the relationship between the samples and class labels is not determined. In other words, though the test samples are very similar to some training samples, we couldn’t predict the class label clearly. The noise leads to this situation or other confounders which affected the classification didn’t be contained in analysis. Different from KNN, Bayesian classification gives the probability of test samples belonging to the certain class other than the exact class label of test samples. Based on Bayes Theorem, Bayesian classification is a statistic principle which combines the prior knowledge and new evidence gathered from the new data set. Naive Bayes is the impletion of the Bayesian classification. The localization based on naive Bayesian is as followed: First, supposed that there are l fingerprints in the localization area, denoted as , there is a mapping relationship between the each fingerprint and the corresponding group of location information. In the real-time positing stage, a RSS fingerprint sample is denoted as S and it contains average RSSI value from n different APs,Then, naà ¯ve Bayesian algorithm is to attain the posteriori probability of real-time RSS fingerprint samples S in the positioning area, it could be described as below: In the formula (3-1),with the known location,is the conditional probability of real-time RSS fingerprint sample S.is the prior probability of Li in the localization area. Generally, users could appear on any position of the location area. So we consider is subject to the uniform distribution. The key assumption of Naive Bayesian is that the impact of each attribute value for a given class is independent of the other property values. In other words, in certain location, the RSSI value from different APs is independent and unrelated. Therefore, the calculation of is simplified as We could use Gaussian probability distribution to approximate the RSSI in certain location, the formula is as below. Eventually, by using the MAP, we estimate the use’s location, described as formula(3-3). 4. Conclusion and Future prospects Based on WIFI positioning technology, this survey analyze the needs of wireless localization, classify and compare the different approaches implemented in indoor environment and present two classical algorithms in fingerprint technology. With the high development of WLAN, the technology based on RSSI, especially fingerprint attracts more and more attention. On the basis of the more accurate estimated result, the future research goal is to improve the ease of use in the positioning system and make the location-based services more convenient and more practical. Here are some tips towards the future research fields: The fingerprint technology algorithm its self has the drawbacks of enormous complicated preparation works. By using the propagation model, we could reduce the large amount of working preparations. Most people study or work in indoors environment. So, how to use other people’s information to improve the user’s own localization accuracy is an interesting issue and many researcher has put emphasis on it. Recently, most algorithms are just in theoretical research or basic test scene lacking of practical application consideration. Therefore, how to implement these algorithms into public paces is another urgent issue, too. References N0HA S, LEE W J, YOUNG J. Comparison of the mechanisms of the Zigbees indoor localization algorithm[C], Ninth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel Distributed Computing. Phuket, [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2008: 13-18. ZHUMinghui,ZHANG Huiqing. Research on model of indoor distance measurement based on receiving signal strength[C].2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Appliations. Qinhuangdao, [s.l.]:[s.n.], 2010: 54-58. K.C.Ho,Y.T.Chan.Geolocation of a known altitude object from TDOA and FDOA measurements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2007’ 33(3): 770-783. Binghao Li, Yufei Wang, Hyung Keun Lee,ect.A New Method of Yielding a Database of Location Fingerprints in WLAN,IEEE Proceedings Communications. 2005. pp.580-586. Bahl P, Padmanabhan VN. Enhancements of the RADAR User Location and Tracking System. Technical Report MSR-TR-2000-12, 2000. Yongliang Sun;,Yubin Xu, Lin Ma, Zhian Deng, KNN-FCM hybrid algorithm for indoor location in WLAN , Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS), 2009.pp.251-254dd. Roos T, Myllymaki P, Tirri H, et al. A Probabilistic Approach to WLAN User Location Estimation. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 2002, 9, 155-16.

Police Brutality Essay -- Policeman Violence Rights Papers

Police Brutality Government policies reflect choices made among conflicting values and many different people, groups, and institutions influence policy decisions. Police brutality is influenced by many, such as our American political ideals of civil rights and liberties, the political process in terms of the media and our political institutions, one which the courts. CIVIL RIGHTS:Whats are out civil rights and liberties relating to the public policy issue of police brutality? Our civil rights and liberties are embedded in our constitution and state religion, freedom of speech, the rights to assemble peacefully and to petition the government, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press, the rights of the criminally accused, requirement of due process, and equal protection of the laws. Among these rights and liberties, we also have the right to not be inflicted any kind of cruel and unusual punishment. We as citizens of America have many rights and freedoms, of which we exercise everyday. The police are there to ensure us these rights and to protect harm to individuals or to society. However we as citizens tend to mistake police officers for robots who entail no hatred nor prejudices in other words society forgets that are also human. Human enough to feel many different feelings, emotions and attitudes towards many different issues or even people. This is not to say that every police officer would subject a citizen towards this negative attitude but current events and statistics show that the civil rights and liberties of Americans are being challenged everyday of the hands of â€Å"our protectors†, the police. Police brutality may occur violating the rights and liberties of any individual at any given time. How... ... WORK CITED CIVIL RIGHTS The Challenge of Democracy, Janda 5th Edition P.217 Beyond The Rodney King Story, Ogletree Northeastern University Press, 1995 Violence And the Police, William Westley, The mit press, 1970 Ebonye,†How TO STOP POLICE BRUTALITY†:HNS J. MASSAQUOI,V.46 JULY 1991 P.58-60 Essence,†Up Against The Wall Black Men and Cops†:LEs Payne;v.23 Nov.1992 p.72 Essence,†The Black and The Blues†, Jill Nelson; v.29 Sep 1985 p. 91-93 Jet,†NAACP’S Wade Henderson Testifies On Capitol Hill About Police Over reaction†: v.80 May 20,1991 p.32 THE MEDIA Washington Post, Bline Harden, June 14 1997 Washington Post,Frank G. Scifidi,March 16,1998 THE COURTS The Anarchical Society, Hedley bull, copyright 1997 Maclean’s, v.28 Dec 22,1997 Maclean’s, v.27 Dec 22 1997 The New York Times, Jan 1998, v147: p A18

The Meaning of Citizenship

The Meaning of Citizenship Essay The Meaning of Citizenship according to the author is what we make it mean. What a bunch of malarkey! The history of how the definition of citizenship has evolved was well done but I kept having this feeling that she was trying to get me to subscribe to some new world order of citizenship. I like the Dictionary definition of citizenship is the state of being vested with the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen. The character of an individual viewed as a member of society; behavior in terms of duties, obligations, and functions of a citizen.She suggested that citizenship was inconsistent from the very beginning of the United States. Yes it was because we were all immigrants from the start. Women were still seen a property to their husband, Africans was slaves, Native American conquered, and a lot of old world racism was in full swing. America was the great experiment by its founding fathers. Never had it been tried to bring all people together a s one country of citizens, well at least what they consider â€Å"as people† at that time.Some may argue that the romans were doing the same thing but they were doing it at sword point then by volunteer. Even though some of the founding father was still behind in their thinking others were not. They build the constitution so that future generations could learn from their father’s mistake and improve America for everyone. I was very surprise that the Supreme Court did not rule that the power of husbands over wives is no longer recognizable in law until 1992. Wow that took 216 years to figure that out.Also that if a woman got married to a noncitizen she would lose her citizenship and be seen as a citizen of her husband country but on the flip side of the coin if the wife married an American husband they became a US citizen until the law change in 1934. Currently the married spouse has the option to either become a permanent residence or naturalization. Naturalization is no easy task either. Under the Path to citizenship on the U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services the spouse has to take a naturalization test. Sad part according to US News and World Report Weekly poll done back in April of 2012 1 in 3 Americans would fail this test.Another big issue today is illegal women having children in the United State in order to not to get deported. This loop-hole has become to be known as â€Å"baby anchor†. In a way they gain citizenship though the kids. Many countries have closed this loop-hole and I think it time for America to do so too. I would give amnesty to all kids and parents here now then set a deadline date 10months out that one of the child parents is must be a U. S. Citizen otherwise that child will be consider as the citizen of one of the parent foreign citizenship.The history about race factor on citizenship was pretty much dead on. Of all the nationalities from around the world the people from African have had it the worst. Even till this day I don’t see why people looked down on Africans. African American has had the hardest time integrate in to American society. It was mostly because their immigration was forced to America by slavery. When they won their freedom they were still treated like 2nd class citizens. Even today most of the culture seems torn about where they fit into America society. The Chinese and Japanese were treated just as badly.They were seen as rats or beasts to use till they dropped over dead. If anything they weren’t even seen as human beings. They fought back hard to earn their rights and somehow moved forward as a culture to integrate with American society. Then the author goes into class warfare for three pages. Most of it did not make sense other then she trying to make the argument that social security is some kind social citizenship. Now the way I see it with immigration most moving from one country to another are lower or poor people. When they move into a very wel l off country they can bear the cost of it.America is at a point where immigration is collapsing local government fiances. More people are pulling from the system then put in. The states along the Mexican border are suffering majorly from this due to illegal immigration. Immigration is a good thing for a country but it must be controlled. In Europe many countries are having negative birth rates meaning more people are dying faster than babies are born. In a capitalism economy they build the social program are design to be funded by future population grow who pay into the social program.The problem is that most of their growth now is from immigration that are almost doubling unemployment in European country but benefiting from the host country social programs. (See http://www. migrationpolicy. org/pubs/TCM-integration. pdf) Linda Kerber once again starts to ramble on for another five pages. It covers the Boston Tea Party, Dred Scott decision of 1857, Yick Wo the laundry guy vs. Hopki ns, War Brides Act of World War II, and a few other Supreme Court rulings to support her views, California Proposition 187, the Cold War, Iran-Contra, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and something about Peter Pan vs.Captain Hooker. Well not that last thing. All of this was a setup to give you a right hook to the head about her post national citizenship idea. And so she opens up with â€Å"Do we need citizenship? † This is where the final punch gets you. She starts to make hidden points to being a one world citizenship because like as she stated from the start citizenship means what we make it mean. This will not work as many cultures that have such polar views of each other.An example would be that Islam faith is so tie into it governing system that is Islamic law which is set by the religion is law via in United State religion is kept separated from government laws. She is right that we are one world family but we live under different homes with different rules and values. To me illegal immigration is like having the uninvited family member visits you. They say they are only going to be visiting for 3 days but end up staying for years. We can’t just join with other people if they don’t believe in the Bill of Rights created by our founders.What would be the point of freedom of the press if you can’t write about something that will offend a person or group? In the end I think most people keep mixing citizenship and culture together. Becoming a citizenship must mean more then I was able to sneak into this land. We must close the loop-holes in immigration to remove some of the arguments on citizenship but not eliminate immigration itself. We have to end this feeling of it means whatever it means to you. It’s a cop out. We must stand firm that this is what it takes to be a citizen of the United States.

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay

Darwin was a British scientist who first set the building blocks for the theory of evolution, and transformed the way in which we think about the natural world and the organisms within it. Charles Robert Darwin was born on the 12th of February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was born into a wealthy and well-connected family. Initially, he had planned to follow a medical career path, and studied firstly at Edinburgh University, but then changed to Cambridge. In 1831, he joined a 5 year scientific expedition on the survey ship – HMS Beagle. At this time, most Europeans believed that the world and animals/plants had been created by God in seven days, as described in the Bible. However, Darwin believed the rich variety of animal life and geological features within our world suggested something different. On the 5 year voyage, Darwin was especially interested in his findings within the Galapagos Islands, which seemed to support his initial thought of evolution within a species. Also, on his travels, Darwin read Lyrell’s ‘Principles of Geology’, which suggested that the fossils found in rocks were actually evidence of animals that had lived many thousands or even millions of years ago. This reinforced Darwin’s own mind, and his visit to the Galapagos gave the evidence to his ideas. Darwin noticed that each island supported its own form of finch which were closely related, but different in important ways: for example, the birds that lived on an island where its main food source was berries, the finch would have more of a ‘parrot beak, which was smaller with a point at the end, while those which ate cacti had much longer and thinner beaks. In 1836 he returned to England, and began trying to solve the riddles of these observations and the puzzle of how species could evolve. After being influenced by the ideas of Malthus, Darwin proposed a theory of evolution occurring by the process of ‘natural selection’. The animals (or plants) that were best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and therefore reproduce, passing on the characteristics which helped them survive to their offspring. Gradually, the species changes over time. For 20 years Darwin worked on this theory, then after learning that another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, had developed similar ideas. The two made a joint announcement of their discoveries in 1858. A year later, Darwin published ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural  Selection’, which was extremely popular, and informed many people of this new idea. The book was extremely controversial, because Darwin’s theory was that homo sapiens were simply another form of animal. It made it seem possible that even people might just have evolved – quite possibly from apes – and destroyed the theory of the Bible, which had been believed for many centuries, on how the world was created. Many people did not want to go against their religion, and passed the idea to stay with what they had always been taught. Darwin was vehemently attacked and frowned upon, particularly by the Church. However, his ideas soon gained currency and have become the new orthodoxy. Darwin died on 19 April 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Birth Order and its Effects essays

Birth Order and its Effects essays oldest children in birth order People in the birth order of oldest children are probably among the most over- studied sibling groups in the world. Researchers have shown great interest in oldest children for many years, and there is general agreement among them about the characteristics that are commom to most oldest children. "From ancient times, the oldest child has had a special significance in the family - and in the world. This special significance has meant everything from inheriting the kingdom to being offered as a sacrifice in religious rites, which is a good metaphor for the mixed blessings of the oldest" (Richardson 44). "The oldest child- the first child- is like a first love. The relationship between the first child and parents can never be duplicated. It is a replete with the awe and wonder of having brought into the world this little being, the focus of the parents' dreams and hopes" (Sulloway 55). "Even if later children become more favored by the parents, the relationship is usually not as intense as with the first "For the first few years. oldest children receive the full, undiluted force of their parent's love, fears, and expectations. The parents are usually very excited about the birth of the first child and look foward to it with eager anticipation mingled with fear" (Sulloway 56)."Even before the birth, the first pregnancy elicits more excitement and more anxiety than later pregnancies" (Wallace 28). "Prospective first parents usually worry at a minimum about the health of the mother and fetus, what to expect during delivery, whether the baby will be whole and normal at birth. And these concerns are not unfounded. The first is usually the most difficult labor, averaging 14 hours compared to 8 hours for later births, and there are more difficulties with delivery and more abnormalities in newborn firsts" (Richards...

ADD essays

ADD essays Blau, Melinda, "ADD: The Scariest Letters In The Alphabet," New York Magazine, December, 13, 1993, p. ______________"Hyperactivity and Glucose Metabolism," Nutrition Research Newsletter, Dec. 1990, Vol. 9, p. Rief, Sandra F., "How to Reach and Teach ADD/ADHD Children, Practical Techniques, Strategies and Interventions For Helping Children with Attention Problems and Hyperactivity," (West Nyack, NY: The Center For Applied Research in Education, 1993, pp. 71, 70 Silver, Larry B., M.D. "ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities, Booklet For the Classroom Teacher, pp. 6-8 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) are increasingly being discussed, at least to some extent, interchangeably. It has captured the attention of educators everywhere, and victims are most frequently referred to the case worker within the respective educational institution. Throughout this paper, there will be a reflection of that understanding which we have come to know regarding this somewhat enigmatic disorder. Similarly, causes, treatments, and strategies shall also be approached. For the most part, there is an ongoing conjoinment of both drugs as well as intervention. Similarly, and as indicated throughout this research paper, ADD/ADHD ranks as arguably the most often and pervasive subject of study. The Diagnosis and Statistic Manual Of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) offers a definition for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, it should also be noted that this definition is merely tentative, and, as in the past, shall continue to undergo increased revision. For discussionary purpose, however, this author shall elaborate upon both disorders as well as their symptoms, i.e. hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsivity, to name three. Similarly, this research paper has inducted insight from stu...

Case Study On Euro Land Foods Finance Essay

Case Study On Euro Land Foods Finance Essay The company was founded in 1924 by Theo verdin a previous as a subsidiary of his dairy business. His keen attention to product Development and grew business steadily over the year .the company went public in year 1979 and by 1993, was listed on trading in the London and Germany exchanges. In January 2001, the senior management of Euro land foods was to draw the firm’s one year capital budget and up for new 11 major projects are imposed to spending limit on capital of 120 million pound. Investment at that rate would be representing a major increase in the firm’s current assets base on 965 million pound. The senior manager challenge of Euro land foods to allocate funds among a range of compelling project, new product introduce and preventive maintenance, safety and pollution control. As a matter of policy, investment proposals at Euro land foods were subject to two financial test, payback and internal rate of return. NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) The net present value (NPV) re quires cash flow discounting by making use of the so-called risk-adjusted cost of capital, which serves the purpose of accounting for risk. A widespread model employed for computing the cost of capital is the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Rubinstein (1973) and other scholars in the late 1960s and 1970s have provided the link between CAPM and capital budgeting decisions: in their classical contributions they show that, if the CAPM assumptions are met, then the cost of capital is a function of the systematic risk, which is given by the beta of the project. The latter depends in turn on the cost of the project, which implies that it is a disequilibrium beta. The corresponding NPV is therefore disequilibrium NPV. If†¦ It means†¦ Then†¦ NPV > 0 the asset would add value to the definite the venture may be acknowledged NPV < 0 the asset would take from value as of the firm the plan should be unwanted NPV = 0 the asset would neither gain nor misplace value for the firm We should be uncaring in the conclusion whether to accept or refuse the project. This plan adds no monetary value. Decision should be base on other criteria, e.g. designed position or other factors not evidently included in the calculation. Formula: Npv =CFo+ ___CF____ ( 1+k) n Example:- Year Cash flow Present Value 0 100,000 1 22,727 2 20,661 3 18,783 4 17,075 5 15,523 Internal rate of return:- It is a different economical cash flow practice which takes report of the extent and time of cash flow. Formula: – IRR=LOWER RATE+ npv at lower rate x (HIGHER RATE -LOWER Rate) Npv at lower rate -NPV at higher rate Example 1. If a speculation may be given by the chain of cash flows: Year (n) Cash Flow (Cn) 0 -4000 1 1200 2 1410 3 1875 4 1050 Then the IRR  r  is given by . In this case, the answer is 14.3%. 1. Project with NPV and IRR:- The research on the resource-constrained project scheduling problem is focused mainly on two types of objectives: objectives based on time and obje ctives based on cost. Both of these factors, i.e. time and cost, are indispensable in practical applications. Year

Movie Witness Written by Mark Book in 1985 Essay

Movie Witness Written by Mark Book in 1985 - Essay Example In this movie, we find two characters Rael and her son Samuel, boarding a train to take them to Baltimore to visit Rachel’s sister. This part has a reflection of family ties exhibited by the Amish community. It shows how the community values keeping close with other family members irrespective of the distance. This is because, despite the many challenges they face and delays of the train, they braved themselves and waited for three hours to ensure that they reach the destination and see their sister. The western culture also values family ties as notes Capsi (72). He notes that mothers liked keeping family members close the same way Rael an Amish woman does. He, however, notes that close family ties are getting cut off. Capsi (76) asserts that some Americans express fear that they would soon lose their family members through family cutoffs. According to western culture, a brother-brother relationship is emphasized for rivalry, jealousy, competitiveness, and ambivalence. Howeve r, this is not the case with the Amish Community. The train is divided into compartments with different rooms for men and women. According to western culture, this is not the case as both men and women are expected to share an apartment. There is no differentiation between men and women’s apartments. It is in the men’s room that Samuel witnesses the murder of an undercover narcotics. This is followed by the entry of the detectives among them being John Book. The book is seen receiving a phone call which makes Samuel wander about in the room. He wonders because his Amish community is a conservative community and always avoids phone calls (New York Times 72). The movie, therefore, brings about the change in technology, which has become the mode of communication in western culture. Inside the room, there is a newspaper article that talks of McFee, one of the narcotics officers.

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing Essay

Advanced Practice in Community Health Nursing - Essay Example This paper shall analyze the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination program being implemented in Singapore in response to the increase of cervical cancer cases. The proposed response to the selected health issue shall then be considered. Finally a proposed action plan to establish the current response to the selected issue close to the ideal best practice response shall be presented. Body Cervical cancer is considered the seventh most popular form of cancer among women in Singapore (National Registry of Diseases, 2008). All of these cases of cervical cancer have been attributed to the Human Papilloma Virus; this virus has also been associated with the development of tumour growths in the vulva, vagina, anus, and the penis. It has also been associated to genital warts (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). There are two types of HPV vaccines being used in Singapore, namely, the Gardasil and the Cervarix. Gardasil is used for females aged 9 to 26 years and Cervarix is used for females aged 10 to 25 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). With these numbers, the importance of setting up a health program to reduce these cases has been considered vital for the global community, and certainly for Singapore. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination in Singapore Merck was the first who was able to gain approval from the US Food and Drug Administration in the distribution of Gardasil, its first HPV vaccine (Parry, 2007). Since then, it has been approved in other countries and is being distributed worldwide. GlaxoSmith followed Merck’s success by finally gaining approval for its HPV vaccine known as Cervarix. In the meantime, the World Health Organization has been active in its information dissemination about this vaccine and in establishing guidelines for the distribution and use of this vaccine. It has been tested in various parts of the globe, and so far, consistent results have been seen (Parry, 2007). The WHO has also pr ovided all countries seeking to utilize this vaccine with the guidance and technical notes in introducing these vaccines. The WHO acknowledges the importance of educating the governments and health professionals about the vaccine and the virus itself, its risks, and the possible preventive measures which they can apply in order to reduce its impact (Parry, 2007). The benefits of this vaccine have been apparent in relation to HPV 16/18 related pre-cancer lesions; their long-term benefits however have yet to be established. Nevertheless, both vaccines have proven to be generally safe and tolerated without any serious negative events observed (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Minor side-effects observed include pain, swelling, redness at the site of injection. In injections, these are common side-effects which are usually expected and pose no alarming risks and implications. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health is recommending HPV vaccination among females aged 9 and 26 years (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Ideally, it must be given to females who have never had sexual intercourse because it is a vaccine which does not provide protection against already existing HPV infections (Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore, 2011). Sexually active women can also be vaccinated, but they must first undergo Papanicolaou Smear tests in order to rule out the presence of the virus or any other neoplastic growths. The efficacy of the HPV vaccine is also expected to be lower among sexually active

Scavenger Hunt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scavenger Hunt - Research Paper Example Question 2: sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause infertility The two main sexually transmitted infections that cause infertility are gonorrhea and Chlamydia (Wingood & DiClemente, 2002). Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and dwells in the bodily fluids. It is contacted through vaginal, anal or oral sex. It leads to a condition known as epididymitis and Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Fogel & Woods, 2008). This is due to the infection of the urethral tract and the vaginal duct. Chlamydia is also caused by bacteria that stay in vaginal fluid and semen. It left untreated Chlamydia causes infertility where a condition known as epididymitis and PID causes the infertility (Covington, & Burns, 2006). Question 3: Giardiasis The disease is commonly known as Beaver fever (Veliah, 2005). It is a gastrointestinal illness that is exhibited by serious diarrhea. The disease is caused by a parasite that is known as Giardia Lamblia. This is disease is water-borne and it affects the human intestines where it affects over 200 million populace globally every years (Langford, & Langford, 2002). The disease is reported to have affected about 90 communities in the United States in the years between 1964 and 1984 (Caveney, Jones & Ellis, 2012). Question 4: peer-reviewed journal article on smoking cessation Michele A Faulkner, (2009), Smoking cessation: an economic analysis and review of varenicline, Journal: Clinical Economics and Outcomes Research, Vol. 1, issu 1. Pgs 25-30 is a peer reviewed article that addresses the attempts in reducing the use of tobacco. The article raises concerns that despite the many efforts in reducing the use of tobacco the rate of smoking continues to go high leading to premature death and morbidity. There are economic costs related to smoking which include health care costs and loss of productivity (AJHP, 1986 & Callahan, 2000). The main program raised in the article is the varenicline novel mechanism aimed at addressing the ability to r educe the addiction and withdrawal symptoms (Michele, 2009). Question 5: Durham Region with the highest percentage of births to teenagers According to various findings it has been established that Oshawa area in the Durham Region has the highest rate of births to teenagers which replicates the place the mother was living at the time the child was born (Smithard, 2009). The high births rates are as a result of availability of less expensive housing and the supports and motivation from the mothers (Goldin, Reinert & World Bank, 2007; Vargas, 2009). Question 6: The difference between angina and a heart attack Angina is a term that is applied by doctors to refer to the pain in the chest as a result of insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscles (Jevon, 2012). This form of pain is identical to the pain as a result of heart attack (Jackson, 2004). On the other hand heart attack is a long lasting damage to the heart muscle which might lead to inability of the tissues to function well d ue to lack of blood supply. The heart muscles need regular oxygen supply which is initiated through the blood (Ramaiah, 2008). Question 7: The Cost of Type 2 Diabetes in Canada The type 2 diabetes is along life state where

Personal and professional development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal and professional development - Essay Example The manufacturing engineer’s job encompasses planning, designing, setting up, modifying and monitoring of manufacturing processes according to Prospects (2011). They also engage in the maintenance of machines and equipment and scheduling of manufacturing operations in some cases. They normally liaises with other members of the organization such as those in the research and development department in ensuring that the company continues to operate as efficiently as possible in the process of producing quality products.. Levels of professional Qualifications for Manufacturing Engineer In order to become a manufacturing engineer in a company, one must get secondary and college or university education with a focus of related subjects such as physics, mathematics, technical drawing and statistics just to mention a few. At college and university levels, the manufacturing engineer will be trained on a wide range of subjects including design and analysis of processes that are applied in manufacturing, metrology, design for manufacturability, Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, and instrumentation and controls engineering among others (Worcester Polytechnic Institute nd). The Engineering Council and its Role The Engineering Council is the United Kingdom’s authority that is charged with the task of registering professional technicians and engineers. The council also performs secondary tasks such as advising students, trained engineers, academic organizations and employers on the procedures and standards for registration. The body also regulates the professions of the engineering technician, incorporated engineer as well as the chartered engineer. Considering that the title â€Å"Engineer’ is legally protected in the UK, it is important for the professional engineer to be awarded a title by the Engineering Council that is otherwise protected. As a professional manufacturing engineer therefore, it is advantageous to voluntarily register with the Engineer ing Council so as to demonstrate high competence - such competence that can only be acquired by training, education and proper experience. These indeed are the basic requirements for one to be registered by the Engineering Council. In order to be registered by the Engineering Council, one has to sit and pass the organization’s examinations at each stage. The manufacturing engineer can sit for the levels 5, 6 and 7 to be registered as an Engineering Technician (EngTech), Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) respectively. Some of the advantages of being registered by the Engineering Council include higher earning potential, better career prospects international recognition, high self esteem, and recognition of expertise. Engineering Technician (EngTech) The engineering technologist is an engineer who specializes in implementing the existing technologies that exist in the engineering field. In other words, the technologist is more oriented toward the applic ation of engineering fundamentals as opposed to creating new knowledge in the field. They always work with other engineering professionals applying technical skills and engineering principles in their practice. The manufacturing engineering technologist can work in a wide range of industries, not limited to maintenance, manufacturing, processing and assembling companies. The technician is trained widely in

Understanding the Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding the Concepts - Essay Example Concept of NPV/Payback Rule: The concept of NPV or Net Present Value of a particular investment represents the difference in its market value and its actual cost. The value of NPV is determined by estimating the present value of those cash flows that shall take place in the future. The cost is then deducted from the resultant to obtain the value of the NPV. According to the payback rule, a particular cutoff is selected and if the payback period is less than that cutoff, the project proves to be good to undertake. A payback period represents the time period when the cost of the project becomes equal to the total sum of the investments made on the project (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2008, p.290). Thus, these two concepts can be utilized in the business in order to determine whether the investments made on the project and the costs being incurred are on a right track to provide the owner with sufficient returns. Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing and Issue of Stocks over Bonds: The first advantage of debt financing is that a business only requires repayment of the borrowed amount but it is the owners who are accrued for any rise in the firm’s value. Secondly, debt is less costly in comparison to equity and carries lesser amounts of risk. Thirdly, the availability of debt financing is more frequent and easy than equity financing. The disadvantages of debt financing lie with the fact that debts have to be cleared even if the firm has undergone any losses in its finances. Secondly, in debt financing the assets of a firm are required to be used a guarantee that limits the further borrowing of the firm. Thirdly, several restrictions might be presented by the lenders in the process of debt financing. Lastly, personal guarantee might also be required in some cases (Seidman, 2005, pp.32-33). An organization would choose to issue stocks than bonds since firstly a stock represents the share of the owners of the firm, while a bond is a debt instrument. Secondly, a stock does not have a maturity period unlike bonds that have a fixed maturity period. Thirdly, dividends are gained over stocks while bonds borne fixed rates of interests (Brown, 2011). Risk-Returns Relationship: Financial risks are considered to be any such uncertainty that might affect the positive outcomes of a firm. Such risks might be associated with the market which is external to a firm. On the other hand, internal problems might also give rise to risks. The primary relationship between financial returns and risk arise based on the fact that investors always prefer higher returns and lesser risks. Thus it can be understood in this context that if financial risks are higher in case of an investment, the investor would have expectations for higher returns. This reflects on a trade-off that exists between the risks and the returns. Such a trade-off enables determination of the added amount of ret urn that an investor would receive if he considers a higher level of risk in his investment measure (Brigham & Houston, 2012, p.258). Thus depending on the level of risks that an investor can consider in his investment, the financial returns vary and this throws light on the relationship that exists between financial returns and risks. Beta and its Use: The concept of beta has been used for the measurement of systematic

Scavenger Hunt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scavenger Hunt - Research Paper Example Question 2: sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause infertility The two main sexually transmitted infections that cause infertility are gonorrhea and Chlamydia (Wingood & DiClemente, 2002). Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and dwells in the bodily fluids. It is contacted through vaginal, anal or oral sex. It leads to a condition known as epididymitis and Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Fogel & Woods, 2008). This is due to the infection of the urethral tract and the vaginal duct. Chlamydia is also caused by bacteria that stay in vaginal fluid and semen. It left untreated Chlamydia causes infertility where a condition known as epididymitis and PID causes the infertility (Covington, & Burns, 2006). Question 3: Giardiasis The disease is commonly known as Beaver fever (Veliah, 2005). It is a gastrointestinal illness that is exhibited by serious diarrhea. The disease is caused by a parasite that is known as Giardia Lamblia. This is disease is water-borne and it affects the human intestines where it affects over 200 million populace globally every years (Langford, & Langford, 2002). The disease is reported to have affected about 90 communities in the United States in the years between 1964 and 1984 (Caveney, Jones & Ellis, 2012). Question 4: peer-reviewed journal article on smoking cessation Michele A Faulkner, (2009), Smoking cessation: an economic analysis and review of varenicline, Journal: Clinical Economics and Outcomes Research, Vol. 1, issu 1. Pgs 25-30 is a peer reviewed article that addresses the attempts in reducing the use of tobacco. The article raises concerns that despite the many efforts in reducing the use of tobacco the rate of smoking continues to go high leading to premature death and morbidity. There are economic costs related to smoking which include health care costs and loss of productivity (AJHP, 1986 & Callahan, 2000). The main program raised in the article is the varenicline novel mechanism aimed at addressing the ability to r educe the addiction and withdrawal symptoms (Michele, 2009). Question 5: Durham Region with the highest percentage of births to teenagers According to various findings it has been established that Oshawa area in the Durham Region has the highest rate of births to teenagers which replicates the place the mother was living at the time the child was born (Smithard, 2009). The high births rates are as a result of availability of less expensive housing and the supports and motivation from the mothers (Goldin, Reinert & World Bank, 2007; Vargas, 2009). Question 6: The difference between angina and a heart attack Angina is a term that is applied by doctors to refer to the pain in the chest as a result of insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscles (Jevon, 2012). This form of pain is identical to the pain as a result of heart attack (Jackson, 2004). On the other hand heart attack is a long lasting damage to the heart muscle which might lead to inability of the tissues to function well d ue to lack of blood supply. The heart muscles need regular oxygen supply which is initiated through the blood (Ramaiah, 2008). Question 7: The Cost of Type 2 Diabetes in Canada The type 2 diabetes is along life state where

Understanding the Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding the Concepts - Essay Example Concept of NPV/Payback Rule: The concept of NPV or Net Present Value of a particular investment represents the difference in its market value and its actual cost. The value of NPV is determined by estimating the present value of those cash flows that shall take place in the future. The cost is then deducted from the resultant to obtain the value of the NPV. According to the payback rule, a particular cutoff is selected and if the payback period is less than that cutoff, the project proves to be good to undertake. A payback period represents the time period when the cost of the project becomes equal to the total sum of the investments made on the project (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2008, p.290). Thus, these two concepts can be utilized in the business in order to determine whether the investments made on the project and the costs being incurred are on a right track to provide the owner with sufficient returns. Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing and Issue of Stocks over Bonds: The first advantage of debt financing is that a business only requires repayment of the borrowed amount but it is the owners who are accrued for any rise in the firm’s value. Secondly, debt is less costly in comparison to equity and carries lesser amounts of risk. Thirdly, the availability of debt financing is more frequent and easy than equity financing. The disadvantages of debt financing lie with the fact that debts have to be cleared even if the firm has undergone any losses in its finances. Secondly, in debt financing the assets of a firm are required to be used a guarantee that limits the further borrowing of the firm. Thirdly, several restrictions might be presented by the lenders in the process of debt financing. Lastly, personal guarantee might also be required in some cases (Seidman, 2005, pp.32-33). An organization would choose to issue stocks than bonds since firstly a stock represents the share of the owners of the firm, while a bond is a debt instrument. Secondly, a stock does not have a maturity period unlike bonds that have a fixed maturity period. Thirdly, dividends are gained over stocks while bonds borne fixed rates of interests (Brown, 2011). Risk-Returns Relationship: Financial risks are considered to be any such uncertainty that might affect the positive outcomes of a firm. Such risks might be associated with the market which is external to a firm. On the other hand, internal problems might also give rise to risks. The primary relationship between financial returns and risk arise based on the fact that investors always prefer higher returns and lesser risks. Thus it can be understood in this context that if financial risks are higher in case of an investment, the investor would have expectations for higher returns. This reflects on a trade-off that exists between the risks and the returns. Such a trade-off enables determination of the added amount of ret urn that an investor would receive if he considers a higher level of risk in his investment measure (Brigham & Houston, 2012, p.258). Thus depending on the level of risks that an investor can consider in his investment, the financial returns vary and this throws light on the relationship that exists between financial returns and risks. Beta and its Use: The concept of beta has been used for the measurement of systematic

Promoting Wellness and Resilience Essay Example for Free

Promoting Wellness and Resilience Essay This paper deals with promoting wellness and resilience for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). First, a model of wellness and resiliency is presented. Then, recommended intervention activities that promote resilience and wellness are discussed. Lastly, prevention and education activities are proposed. Wellness and Resiliency Model Studies on wellness and resilience models among individuals with IDD appear non-existent and very few have been written about counseling methodology. Most focus on a cognitive-behavioral approach to psychotherapy (CBT). Therefore, a paradigm must be created that combines CBT and an evidence-based model of wellness. Myers, Sweeney, and Witmer (2000) define wellness as â€Å"a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being, in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community. Ideally, it is the optimum state of health and well-being that each individual is capable of achieving† (p. 252). â€Å"Resilience refers to positive adaptation, or the ability to maintain or regain mental health, despite experiencing adversity† (Herrman, Stewart, Diaz-Granados, Berger, Jackson, Yuan, 2011, p. 259). Myers and Sweeney (2005) created a model of wellness called The Indivisible Self which is based on Adlerian principles. This model delineates five areas of wellness: physical, essential, social, coping, and creative. Physical well-being is further divided into two areas: exercise and nutrition. Essential wellness is broken down into four components: spirituality, self-care, gender identity, and cultural identity. Social felicity is divided into two parts: friendship and love. Coping is divided into four aspects: realistic beliefs, stress management, self-worth, and leisure. Creative fitness is broken down into five elements: thinking, emotion, control, positive humor, and work (Myers and Sweeney, 2005). Recommended Intervention Activities That Promote Resilience and Wellness As  the IDD population tends to be of lower socioeconomic status (as adults), placed in residential facilities, and highly medicated, physical health is a vital component of overall wellness. Physical fitness can be maintained through exercise programs. A community-based program described by Lante, Walkley, Gamble, and Vassos (2011) provided health and psychosocial benefits to participants. In the area of essential wellness , spirituality plays an important part in the lives of most. IDD individuals should be allowed to attend worship services or participate in other activities cultivating the spiritual nature. Watts (2011) proposes utilization of Special Religious Education for People with a Developmental Disability (SPRED), defined as â€Å"†¦symbolic catechesis where formal instruction is supplemented or completely replaced by visual, aural, sensory, and physical stimuli (p. 237). In the area of self-care, individuals can be taught tasks to their fullest level of independence. Gender identity can be explored through modified sex-education curriculums exemplified by The Facts of Lifeand More by Walker-Hirsch (lesliewalker-hirsch.com, 2014). Social well-being is a necessary component of wellness among those with IDD. Friendship and love are very possible and should be encouraged. Community groups, such as The Gathering Place and Pathfinders, provide a venue and activities for the population (welcometowesley.com, 2014; gracenc.org, 2014). Dating sites such as Special Bridge provide access for individuals with IDD a chance to meet and date others with IDD (specialbridge.com). CBT can be utilized to help disabled individuals in the area of coping. Irrational beliefs can be explored and replaced with more realistic views. Stress management techniques can be taught. Self-worth can be explored and improved (Lee, 2004). Leisure skills and interests can be explored and improved upon through systematic testing and development (Kreiner and Flexer, 2009). Creative fitness can be cultivated through activities that involve thinking, particularly critical thinking. Handling emotions and controlling behavior can be taught via dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) (Rizvi, Steffel, and Carson-Wong, 2013). Work needs can be met through sheltered, supported, and/or competitive employment. In North Carolina, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation provides services and referrals to service providers (ncdhhs.gov/dvrs, 2014). Proposed Prevention and Education Activities Education and prevention can focus on training individuals, families, caretakers, and facility staff. If those who are in contact with the population everyday can be educated as much as possible, the level of wellness and resilience in persons with IDD should increase. IDD clients can learn about healthy eating and exercise through objective plans adjusted for functioning level. For instance, individuals with autism can read a social story (The Gray Center, 2014). Individuals, families and staff can be trained on proper nutrition by registered dietitians who can develop meal plans (American Dietetic Association, 2009). The importance of gender and sex education, spirituality, and cultural identity can be taught to those working with people with IDD. Gender and cultural identity and sex education can be taught to individuals with IDD through modified curriculums or incidental learning. Social skills, coping mechanisms, and creative pursuits can be taught to individuals. Families and facilities can learn what coping mechanisms are effective for clientele. Identified Strategies to Promote Community Resources Families in particular can be directed to community resources. Many resources exist for individuals with IDD. Brochures, information about service providers, and government resources can be given to families and higher-functioning individuals. Providing links to websites for organizations such as The Arc and managed care organizations such as Coastal Care can be a good starting place (thearc.org, 2014; coastalcarenc.org, 2014). References Beange, H., Lennox, N. (1999). Health targets for people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, 24(4), 283. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.capella.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.capella.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=2731367site=ehost-livescope=site The gathering place. (2014). Retrieved May 18, 2014, Retrieved from http://welcometowesley.com/connect/special-needs/ The gray center: What are social stories. (2014). Retrieved May 18, 2014, Retrieved from

What Is Finishing School Marketing Essay

What Is Finishing School Marketing Essay A finishing school is the final polish to your education to make you an all-rounder with a good personality, grooming, excellent personal etiquette and dress sense. A well groomed person with a pleasant personality stands out in a crowd and has a higher chance of ready acceptance in any setting be it the job market, family environment or peer group. Need for a Finishing School None of us can truthfully say that we are perfect and have nothing more to learn. Life is a school with live experiences. At our finishing school we give you the accumulated wisdom of our faculty to help you move up in your life. There are two ways to learn one by making mistakes and the other by learning before you make the mistakes. We believe that we can make a difference in your life by helping you move upward towards your goals and ambitions. Grooming in a Finishing School You learn the art of conversation, the quietly elegant as well as the flamboyant style of dress and grooming, the art of conversation, managing to live within your income, tips on saving and investment, handling aggressive behaviour with calm and poise and to manage your time effectively. This is only an outline of things and each specific need has a program to handle it. The ways of learning in a Finishing School Our programs are FUN and learning has never been so easy. Practical learning always makes for more effective retention and we follow this approach in all areas of our programs. Studies about learning methodology reveal that kinesthetic, visual and auditory learning has a better appeal and makes for better understanding. Our course modules are developed keeping these principles in mind. Age no bar for a Finishing School student A person can enrol in our finishing school at any age between 7 and 70. We believe that there are no barriers to learning. Our primary programmes are aimed at the segment seeking employment immediately or in the near future. These short-term courses help you enhance your basic knowledge and skill and give you additional inputs to make you stand out in the crowd. Programmes for children, teenagers, parents, brides and grooms and the retired person are also available in our finishing school. HISTORY OF FINISHING SCHOOLS: Switzerland is known for its private finishing schools, such as Institut Villa Pierrefeu or Institut Alpin Videmanette (now closed), where Diana, Princess of Wales studied, and Mon Fertile, where Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall was partly educated. The finishing school that made Switzerland renowned for such institutions was the Institut Villa Mont Choisi, founded in the 1870s, which closed in 1995/6. Other notable schools included Institut Chateau Beau-Cedre which closed in 2002. The term finishing school is occasionally used in American parlance to refer to certain small womens colleges, primarily on the East Coast, that were known for serving to prepare their female students for marriage. Since the 1960s, many of these schools have become defunct as a result of financial difficulties stemming from parents decreased interest in paying for such an education for their daughters. FINISHING SCHOOLS IN INDIA: Finishing School is a supplementary training school popular in India that attempts to make-up for deficiencies of low-tier colleges by providing specialized vocational training in technical fields such as computer programming and information technology. The recent boom in the Indian Economy has further enhanced the need for such finishing schools. These IT finishing schools cover technical skills as well as communication and problem solving skills. The biggest advantage of these finishing schools is that these schools cut down the deployable time for a company. Other finishing schools attempt to make up for deficiencies in the Indian secondary education system with regards to math and science education and bring the student up to the level necessary for attending university and gaining admission. For instance, it is not uncommon for Indian students to spend an entire 1 to 2 years studying in a tutorial cram school after secondary education to gain entrance into a top Medical or Engineering school. Western Countries are often flooded by extremely over-prepared and well networked Indian students, to the point of putting their own students at a disadvantage to their own rule and merit based college entrance and scholarship award systems where cram schools are virtually unknown, particular in Engineering and Medicine, areas which the Indian cram school focus on. WELL KNOWN FINISHING SCHOOLS IN INDIA: PRIYA WARRICK FINISHING SCHOOL, NEW DELHI WALCHAND DALE CARNEGIE FINISHING SCHOOL, BANGALORE GOOD SHEPHERD FINISHING SCHOOL, OOTY ECOLE SOLITAIRE, PUNE MODERN DAY FINISHING SCHOOL, MUMBAI SWISS PERSONA FINISHING SCHOOL, NEW DELHI ANOORADHA PATELS FINISHING SCHOOL, MUMBAI RIGHT STEP FINISHING SCHOOL, CHENNAI MAKEOVER FINISHING SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD 1.2 FRAMEWORK of SERVICES PROVIDED Level-1 Elementary level Concept of language Usage grammar Parts of speech Sentence formation skills Dialogue session Creative simple terminology Soft-skill development Different usage of action words Questioning skills Messaging skills Level-2 Advanced level Ideal Introduction Self-Confidence Perfection Session Listening Module Vocabulary Pronunciation Session Preparing Impressive CVs Manners: Request, Offer Permission Art of Thanking People Package for Corporate Executives Communication Skills Business Communication Verbal and Non Verbal Communication Active Listening Behavioral Telephonic Skills Behavior Traits Body Language Tone Presenting yourself Positive Attitude Confidence Building Etiquette Telephone and e-mail Etiquette Mannerism Art of Dressing Conversational Styles Change Management Understanding Change Causes of Change Resistance to Change Acceptance of Change Presentation Skills Public Speaking Presentation by Participants Role Plays Level-B Creativity Brainstorming Session Role Plays Small Projects Time Management Maintaining Time Log Prioritization to Works Art of Delegation Desk Paper Management Leadership Leadership Styles Dos of Effective Leadership Perception for Leadership Leadership by Delegation Team-Work We feeling Factors Blocking Contributing Team-Work Stages of Team development Conflict Management Techniques Practical Cases Stress Management Goal Setting Presentations and Role Plays Video Films Management Games Case Studies Package for Housewives known as Be a perfect lady Level-1 Personality Development Confidence Building Social etiquette: Walking, Talking, Sitting Dinning Etiquette Developing Conversational Skill Improving Body Language, Gestures Postures Personal Counseling Making your Importance felt in your family Level-2 Art of entertaining guest in Hotel Home Accompanying Husband to the Business Party Understanding Man Woman Relationship Advanced Dinning Etiquette Home Management Beverages: Cocktail Mock tail Preparation Developing Styles Special Sessions on Make-up, Hair style, Art of dressing Package for Spoken English Level Fees: Basic Level Rs.4, 000 Intermediate Level Rs.5, 000 Advanced Level Rs.7, 500 Duration: 3 Months Timings: Basic Level Morning: 8:00-9:30 Intermediate Level Noon: 4:00-5:30 Advanced Level Evening: 6:30-8:00 Days: Batch-1: Monday, Wednesday, Friday Batch-2: Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday Crash Courses Duration Fees: 5 Days: Rs.1500 10 Days: Rs.3000 15 Days: Rs.4500 Fees structure Package Fees (Rs.) For Students 5,000 For Corporate executives Level-A Level-B 7,000 9,000 For Housewives 4,500 Spoken English Basic Intermediate Advanced 4,000 5,000 7,500 Computer course Ms-office Tally 4,000 5,000 Crash courses 5 days 10 days 15 days 1,500 3,000 4,500 1.2 (A) Service Features 1.3 PROJECT REASONING: We have chosen to prepare a Project Feasibility Report on Finishing School wherein we have mainly focused on three groups as our target segments: Students Corporate executives Housewives In the context of Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh), we think the scope for the growth of our business is high due to following reasons: It is considered that the level of English in Ghaziabad is comparatively low due to influence of vernacular language specially Ghaziabadi. The result of our market survey also reflects the same scenario that the majority of the respondents prefer to join the finishing school to get fluency in English. This aspect can be taken as important opportunity for our business. Due to increasing professionalization of corporate enterprises, demand for well groomed professionals is increasing .To survive in such competitive scenario people are moving to such institutes which help them in grooming their personality and also in bringing best in them by giving their personality a complete touch. In Ghaziabad the competition level in this field being low there is a high growth opportunity available for us. We will survive and expand our business by providing best qualitative services to our customers and by maximizing their satisfaction. 1.4 FUTURE EXPANSION: Our Finishing School, Grooming Persona will constantly update its market knowledge so as to cater to the changing aspirations of our customers by providing such services as would become the paradigm of excellence for others in the same industry. In future we would like to expand our business by opening more branches of our school at various locations. And we are also thinking of having tie-ups with corporate. 1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY: A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you proceed with it? Before you begin writing your business plan you need to identify how, where, and to whom you intend to sell a service or product. You also need to assess your competition and figure out how much money you need to start your business and keep it running until it is established. Feasibility studies address things like where and how the business will operate. They provide in-depth details about the business to determine if and how it can succeed, and serve as a valuable tool for developing a winning business plan. WHY ARE FEASIBILITY STUDIES SO IMPORTANT? The information you gather and present in your feasibility study will help you: List in detail all the things you need to make the business work; Identify logistical and other business-related problems and solutions; Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that your business is worth considering as an investment; and Serve as a solid foundation for developing your business plan. Even if you have a great business idea you still have to find a cost-effective way to market and sell your products and services. This is especially important for store-front retail businesses where location could make or break your business. For example, most commercial space leases place restrictions on businesses that can have a dramatic impact on income. A lease may limit business hours/days, parking spaces, restrict the product or service you can offer, and in some cases, even limit the number of customers a business can receive each day. COMPONENTS OF FEASIBILITY STUDY legal feasibility technical feasibility human resource feasibility market feasibility financial feasibility LEGAL FEASIBILITY To define the legal and corporate structure of the business. A Legal Feasibility Study may also include professional background information about the founders and principals of the business and what skills they can contribute to the business. Legal feasibility study should include: Description of Your Business Structure Description of Your Organizational Structure Internal and External Principles and Practices of the Business TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The Technical Feasibility Study assesses the details of how you will deliver a product or service (i.e., materials, labour, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, etc.). Think of the technical feasibility study as the logistical or tactical plan of how your business will produce, store, deliver, and track its products or services. A technical feasibility study is an excellent tool for trouble-shooting and long-term planning. In some regards it serves as a flow chart of how your products and services evolve and move through your business to physically reach your market. HUMAN RESOURCE FEASIBILITY It deals with the recruitment and selection of the proper kind of personnel in the various departments and also coming up with the ways of training, developing and retaining them by provision of various incentives and perks relevant to their needs and requirements. MARKETING FEASIBILITY All feasibility studies should look at how things work, if they will work, and identify potential problems. Feasibility studies are done on ideas, campaigns, products, processes, and entire businesses. Feasibility studies assess something and consider both pros and cons. They analyze potential business scenarios. A Marketing Plan maps out specific ideas, strategies, and campaigns based on feasibility study investigations that are intended to be implemented. Think of market feasibility studies as a logistical study and a marketing plan as a specific, planned course of action to take. What should be Included in a Market Feasibility Study? Things to Include in a market feasibility study include: Description of the Industry Current Market Analysis Competition Anticipated Future Market Potential Potential Buyers and Sources of Revenues Sales Projections FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY A financial feasibility study projects how much start-up capital is needed, sources of capital, returns on investment, and other financial considerations. It looks at how much cash is needed, where it will come from, and how it will be spent. A financial feasibility study is an assessment of the financial aspects of something. If this case, for starting and running a business. It considers many things including start-up capital, expenses, revenues, and investor income and disbursements. Other portions of a complete feasibility study will also contribute data to your basic financial study. A financial feasibility study can focus on one particular project or area, or on a group of projects (such as advertising campaigns). 1.6 WHAT IS SERVICE? A service is any act or benefit that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result into ownership of anything. CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICE: No Characteristics Marketing Implications Strategies 1 Intangibility No storage No ready display Communication problem Pricing difficulties Tangible clues like documentation Personal sources Word of Mouth Organizational image Post purchase communication 2 Inseparability Consumer Involvement in production Personal Selling Demand-Supply Match Selection training of contact person Manage consumers Multi-site location 3 Variability Difficulty in standardization Difficulty in Quality Control Service blue-print Training Internal External Customer satisfaction survey Staff monitoring 4 Perishability No inventorisation Complementary service Reservation system Part time employees during peak time Future expansion Complementary services 1.7 PARTNERSHIP DEED: DATE TIME: This agreement of partnership deed will execute on 1ST APRIL, 2013. Name Address of Partners Adrika Sharma- B-9, Shiksha Niketan Appts, Sec-5, Vasundhara Shefali Sharma- Kala Vihar, Mayur Vihar Extension, New Delhi Bhumika Yadav- B-16, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad A] NAME The business of the firm will be carried on under the name Grooming Persona. However the partners shall be entitled to change the name of the firm as agreed upon. B] BUSINESS OF PARTNERSHIP The business of the firm will be to provide training that results into development grooming of ones overall personality and makes him marketable in this cut-throat competitive market. C] DATE OF COMMENCEMENT The date of commencement of partnership is 1ST APRIL 2013. D] PLACE OF BUSINESS The principal place of the business of the firm will be at Address: 4th Floor Swapnil Complex, Raj Nagar Extension, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh E] DURATION It is not fixed. F] CAPITAL The initial capital of the firm will be Rs.12,30,000 equally contributed by all the 3 partners. G] DRAWINGS Drawings can be made by the partners as many times as he wish in the year taking into account the respective accounts. H] INTEREST We will be giving the interest of 5% on capital and we will be charging the interest of 6% on drawings. I] SHARE IN PROFIT OR LOSS Profit or loss of the firm will be shared equally among all the partners. J] ACCOUNTS The books of accounts of the firm will be closed once in a year preferably from April 1 to March 31. K] BANK ACCOUNTS That the bank account of the firm will be maintained in SBI, Vasundhara branch in the name of the firm which 2 of the working partners would be entitled to handle as agreed by all the partners. They shall be authorized to avail all type of facilities in the name of the firm that are generally allocated by the banks. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY: 2.1 Plant Layout: 4,500 sq ft 2.2 Equipments: LCDs, computers, audio-video materials, Library, computer lab will act as a physical evidence. 2.3 PROCESS OF PROVIDING SERVICES: EntryOur Service delivery process will be as follows:- Inquiry about the courses offered Customers can be Students, Corporate executives or housewives Is he interested in joining school? Exit End Follow up ask the reasons for not joining c Admission Process (Collection of fees and advancing receipts) Training/Teaching End Evaluation at the end of the course End Awards and Certificate to them who successfully complete the course Exit 3. MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY: 3.1 7 Ps of Marketing: Service Product level chart No. Level Service Offers 1 Core benefit Personality development 2 Basic product Qualitative teaching by competent faculties Lucid Study materials With library lab facility 3 Expected product Good infrastructure Regular classes Good interior exterior Competent faculties 4 Augmented product Individual attention Cultural activity celebration Well equipped Library Lab Video-conferencing Ergonomics aesthetic arrangements 5 Potential product Indoor games Health meditation facilities Personal coaches Better life career opportunity Price refers to Value for money. In our case Price refers to the course fees. Taking into account all the factors stated below we have determined most competitive price for our training packages. Price = Quantity of money received by service provider Quantity of service received by the customer Pricing Methodology: Our Pricing strategy is based upon Going rate pricing method. We have decided the fees structure for various training package which is nearer to the fees charged by our rivals so as to compete with them. Pricing Objectives Primary Objective: Being new entrant in this industry the primary objective of our pricing strategy is Survival and profit maximization. Secondary Objective: Once we get established in the market and achieve brand reputation then we would like to maximize our market share by opening new branches of our school and also by developing web portal to provide our services. Place refers to the physical existence of the service outlet where the customers will come into the direct inter course of the service provider and where services will be delivered by the service provider and received by the customers. Our Finishing school will be situated in the heart of the city. Address: 4th Floor Swapnil Complex, Raj Nagar Extension, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Location Analysis Reasons for selecting the Location: We have hired the place on rent of Rs.4500 per sq ft. The reasons for selecting this place are as follows. Proximity to Customers: Raj Nagar Extension is considered to be both commercial as well as residential area. There are many colleges situated in this area o we will easily get access to our target segments. Transportation Facility: This area has well developed transportation facility with easy and speedy access to various means of transportation like buses, auto-rickshaws etc. Diverse income Groups: This area is considered to be economically developed area we can have access to the customers belonging to diverse income group. Better Infrastructure Low Cost: The infrastructure like access to transportation, energy, lift facility, communication facility is also very good. Rent is also reasonable compare to construction cost of the school in that context it has been selective option to hire the place in this location. Characteristics of Service Outlet Flexibility in Consumption High Flexibility in Production Low Flexibility in consumption: Availability of different timeslots to our customers will make the consumption flexible for them. Flexibility in production: It will be low at the initial level as there are no other branches or franchises of our school so there will be only single place for delivering our services. Once we get established in the market, we are thinking of expanding our business by opening new branches of our school and also by developing web portal to provide our services. The success of any new business entity depends on how well it has been able to create awareness about its products or services in its target segment so as to induce its consumption by customers. Promotion policy of business plays major role in this. Major means of promotion to be used by us are: Advertisement: Newspaper It will be the major mean of advertisement for our finishing school. We will be giving advertisement in, The Times Of India and in Ghaziabad Samachar. Leaflets with newspapers This will be the second mean of advertisement to be used by us wherein the leaflets of our finishing school will be attached with the newspapers. Hoardings We will be hiring the place like Vijay cross road, and Vastrapur for placing our hoardings. It refers to the managing both internal customers that is the human capital of business involved in the service delivering process and external customers those who will actually consume the services. Managing Internal Customers Elements: (1)Recruitment selection: We will be giving recruitment advertisement for faculties, receptionist and peon in The Times of India, Ghaziabad Samachar and Mail Today. . (2)Motivation: The employees will be provided with following monetary and non-monetary benefits like bonus, picnic, and celebration of cultural activities, awards and certificates. Besides we will also follow suggestion box scheme. (3)Team work:- It is the team spirit on the part of the employees which is behind the success of any business entity. The culture of our organization will be such that will help in imbibing this spirit in our employees to provide qualitative service to customers. We will be having a meeting twice in a month to discuss important issues of business. (4)Customer education:- It is necessary for the employees of the organization to know who their customers are, what are their requirements and accordingly deliver the services to give them maximum satisfaction. In our case the major role in service delivering process will be played by counselors and faculties. We will create a kind of environment that updates them about the changing customer requirements continuously like by way of Feedback Form to be filled by our customers who have already availed our services and asking for their suggestion for further improvements. No. of Employees: 12 Official Working Hours: 9:00am-9:00pm Designation No. of employees Working hours Centre Head 1 10:00am 8:00pm Counselors 2 10:00am 8:00pm Faculty Full time = 4 Visiting = 2 As per batch hours Receptionist 1 10:00am 6:00pm Peon 1 9:00am 9:00pm Sweeper 1 9:00am 11:00am 3:00pm 5:00pm Managing External Customers Elements: Characteristic of external customers influencing the Service Provider: Demographic factors like Education and family background, Occupation, Income, attitude aptitude, involvement of customer in the service delivering process, experience of customers, awareness perception has direct influence on the service provider. Awareness, Training Education of customers: The prime work on our part will be to make potential customers aware of our services by using various media like newspapers, hoardings, leaflets etc. Once they approach to our school for inquiry, this task will be handled by our counselors to create in them for joining school and once they join the school then responsibility of their training will be shouldered by our competent faculties. Services being intangible it is difficult to touch, and judge them so it becomes necessary for marketer to tangibalize the intangible so as to provide customers with various clues to make purchase decision. This task is performed by physical evidence. The physical evidences for our services will be as follows:- Name: Grooming Persona Punch Line: THE ULTIMATE FINISHING SCHOOL 3.2 MARKET SURVEY AND ANALYSIS: STEPS (1)Define the Problem Research Objectives: Market research is undertaken to achieve particular objectives by acquiring necessary information. The prime objective of our research is to find out scope and feasibility for establishing Finishing School in Ghaziabad. Other Objectives: To get the information regarding the number of finishing schools existing in the Ghaziabad. To find awareness level of people regarding finishing school. To find the potential market for new finishing school. To find out process of establishing new finishing school. To determine the competitive fees structure to attract maximum customers. (2)Develop Research Plan: Sources of data: Primary data: It is the first hand information collected by the researcher for its research purpose. For us primary sources of data collection were Visit of various Finishing schools People:-We have surveyed 1000 people of Ghaziabad for this purpose. Secondary data: The data collected from external sources where it was already existing for research purpose is known as secondary data like from Newspapers, Magazines, Internet etc. Data collection method Research approach:-Survey Approach Research instrument:-Questionnaires for consumers Sampling Plan: It mainly contains following 3 components. (1)Sample unit: It represents the target population for the survey. We mainly targeted students, corporate executives, and housewives living in Ghaziabad. (2)Sample size: The survey was of 1000 respondents (Male Female) of Ghaziabad city. We bifurcated them based upon their income level and occupation to make sample more representative of population. (3)Sampling Procedure: Convenience Method: We have surveyed conveniently accessible respondents like students of various schools and colleges of Ghaziabad and corporate executives and housewives residing I our nearby area

Stereotyping and Profiling Based Upon Religion Essay -- Islam, Religio

Living in America we deal with a lot of diversity, especially those in the criminal justice degree program where situations caused by diversity can lead to a problem. Stereotyping is one of the biggest problems that we deal with, particularly in law enforcement. There have been many allegations of police officers accused of going after individuals and accusing them of a crime based on the sole fact of what their religious beliefs might be. This has been going on for a long time; however in recent years, it has gotten worse. The main job of police officers is to uphold the law, not to break it. Although stereotyping is not against the law, police officers have taken an oath to protect all human beings, regardless of their race or religion and stereotyping based on religion should not take place. Just because an individual is of a certain race dose not give us the right to stereotype them as a bad human being. Fred Edmund Jandt (2003), the word â€Å"stereotype† was first used to show the judgments made about individuals on the origin of their racial background. Today the expression is more commonly used to pass on to events made on the basis of a groups association. Psychologists have attempted to give explanations of stereotyping as errors that our brains make in the judgment of other people that are related to those mistakes our brains make in the view of illustration illusions. When information is blurred, the brain frequently reaches the incorrect conclusion. (p.77) Fred Edmund Jandt (2003), is the practice of racial profiling stereotyping? Profiling refers to a law enforcement carry out of scrutinizing of certain persons based on characteristics thought to classify an option of illegal activities. Example, a person traveling a... ...inar strips away cultural stereotypes. Pittsburgh Tribunei-Review. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.pittsburghlive.com////region/_529578.html Jandt, F. E. (2003, July 21). Barries to intercultural communication. In An introduction to intercultural communication (4th ed., pp. 77,79). Sage Publications, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from http://books.google.com/books?id=LyHDS--WSywC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=a+person+traveling+alone+is+more+likely+to+engage+in+terrorist+activity&source=bl&ots=Kmn1NAlTjX&sig=7i-h54dh_2kROXAHmjgO0HJqogw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA71,M1 Morgenstern, H. (n.d.). Suicide terror - fire fighters response. In Suicide terror - fire fighters response [Fact sheet]. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from http://www.nationalhomelandsecurityknowledgebase.com/Research/International_Articles/Suicide_Terror_and_FireFighters.html